


ai 


<: im 






4B^ <• 


■ c.. ««5 


If'f 


<? -^ 







TS» 


"C . 


^ ■ <:. 


« 


cc 


Ct < 


CZ< 


' 


• ( 


<'^Hr 


~ «;• 


( <r: 


• r>c 


cc 


C' 


^Z« 




v'j. 


<sr^ 


■ -<' 


< . d 


■ :'C 


cc. 


C ' 


C45; 


^ 


' Mr 


do 




. . <: 


■ "\ 


CC 


c 




^ 


^^ 


Cc 




^tic:. 


. !lC 


cc 


c* 


^^R 


fl 




..<« 




•^<: 


■< 


cc 


• <:• 


-^^'^ 


<: 


^^^H 


c« 




.r <<;; 


• v'( 


cc 


■ <■; 


C C4 


c^ 


^^^H 


CV 




.^■<^_ 


U 


•cc 


<s 


<^< <; 


^^^^ 






c_^ 


< 


cc 


c< 


c< 


c 


^^^^ 






<<z 


a 


<x 


C<: 


CJ« 




^^H 






f «^ 




cc 


<Lc 


c 


^ 


^^^H 






Y- 




c 


<? 


c^ 


■^^ J 


^^^1 




^^< 


■^ <^. 




c 


<:c 




r.' 


^ttB 




:<jC 




•flrcr< 


c <: 








^ 




•<; 




^Cc 


.< ^^ 










"* 





S< ■ C<»- 



«rc:^ < 

«Clc V 

<it C: ^ :C . 

■«c:c •■ 
. ««:.c ' 

^<1C^'.-' 

«sc:c <: 






LIBRARY- OF CONGRESS. ¥ 



csaiCj 

•♦C-*3«;;' 



c:«»<: <c: 



,5 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



u 



dec <: ^--iSC ^ CT 

■C-- «-: <:-^ c - 



iSC c 

<!C -.c c: -- 



>C < ^c 



<L< C C 

c ': C r 0^- 



K' 




c c 


^■- '^ 


<- C 


«(' 




c c 
c c 
c c 


^-■^ 








c c 

c c 










C> C 
C <L 


'^k.: • 


- d 



'■ c C < 
C < C ( < 

o cccc: 

< < cf «: 

c^«: 
c(<k: 






C d 



<i <: 









c: <c <^ 

r cite ■< <r 





eicc 






CCC 


»■ 


4 




C<c 


«. 






<rc_< 








«:c 


« ^ . 


^ «. ^^ 




cCc: 


die 


c c <: 




c <rr' 


CC 


•^ ' S ^ 






dC 




r ' 








■iX 








d 






c ^r 


'<. 


. C 


4 ■ 


c <r 


f'J 


•<: 


<: 


<: <Z 




^:c " 


c 


< <1 ■' 


; " 


<Z 


C 


c^ <: 


r"r ' 


<:<: 


<. 


c: d. 


f<C 


CC 


d 


C «1 


'C 


< c 


cr 


^ ^ 


c?; 


t c 


c: 


s S- 


ex 


-<C 


■ <L_ 


^ <:i 


, ," '' 


---^r" 


<"■ 


*r ' «: 



<C' ^^r 



<r <: 


%i 


r c: 


<c* 


<:: 


< d- <^ 


<: 


cC^ '.-d 


•CL. 


C.C <?•: <'< 




<r OL ' c: 


<r .<: 


ft ct. < c 


<r: 


-■c cr « CT; 


<: 


■c c* «-<:""< 


<: 


^ ^" I 


< <: 




c <: 




<: 


<: c 


d 


cr .. <- 


--■ ^' 


c .^r 



c <? 



c a 




r CC 




CC 


C ^ i 


: <<L 


C<^ c . 


oct 


rr < 


CC 




<3C 




<SL 




«3r 




<r. 




<r 




«t; 




C 






.: 


<L 


r 





r- ^ .;: . 


c ■ < 


:: <:•• < < 


<r <:■ < <: 

c: <: <i ^ 


d c 
c c 


C * 


f? 


c «: 

C «! 



^ \< 



«r_ cp<.<«:' c 



^^- *-- 


<; 


«^ 


CfC 


* «*: 


<r c 


c 


#r 




■ «z 


d C 


c 








d^ 


< 

•c 


<.., 
<: 






d c 


' r" 


<" 




d. 




r 


d 
d. 


c c 








d:- 
d 


C^ C 

< c 

«■ < c 


sf d 

H d 



<C ^ C'( d.. c-'r<. -C d r 

<i: < ec ^' .•• -c^-'r «- d^ ' « 

•'. <L ^--^l' c. <, -■ ^L 

r d'd d- <^ < ' ^ 



c^c c 

C C: < 



DISCOURSES 



AND 



ADDRESSES 



AT THE 



INSTALLATION AND INAUGURATION 



OF THE 



REV. WILLIAM A. STEARNS, D.D. 



AS 



PRKSIDENT OF AMHERST COLLEGE, 



AND 



PASTOR OF THE COLLEGE CHURCH. 



DISCOURSES 



AND 



ADDRESSES 



AT THE 



INSTALLATION AND INAUGURATION 



OP THE 



REV. WILLIAM A. STEARNS, D.D. 



AS 



PRESIDENT OF AMHERST COLLEGE. 



AKD 



PAJSTOR OF THE COLLEGE CHUECH. 



SECOND EDITIOW. 




AMHERST : 
PRINTED BY J. S. & C. ADAMS 

1855. 



^i^ 



V^^ 






Rev. Dr. Hitchcock having resigned his office as Presi- 
dent of Amherst College, after a highly successful adminis- 
tration of ten years, the Trustees of the Institution, at their 
annual meeting, August 8th, 1854, made choice of Rev. 
William A. Stearns, D. D., of Cambridge, as his successor. 
Mr. Stearns having accepted the appointment and also an- 
swered in the affirmative a call from the College Church to 
become its pastor, Tuesday evening, November 21st, and 
Wednesday, November 22d, were assigned as the time for 
the Installing and Inaugural services. 

The Installing Council assembled, on the day appointed, in 
the Ilhetorical room, at four o'clock P. M. Rev. Dr. Vaill, 
of Palmer, was chosen Moderator, and Rev. Dr. Blagden, of 
Boston, Scribe. After the usual preliminaries and a full ex- 
position of principles of belief, views of the ministry, &c., by 
the pastor elect, the Council adjourned to meet in the Village 
Church at seven o'clock in the evening, for the Installation.- 

The introductory prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Stone ^ - 
of Easthampton. Rev. Mr. Leavitt, of Providence, preach-- 
ed the sermon. Dr. Hitchcock gave the charge. The Right: 
Hand of Fellowship was presented by Rev. Mr. Paine, of 
Holden, and an address made to the College by Rev. Dr. J. 
S. Clark, of Boston. The two last mentioned services wiere 
performed extemporaneously — the former appropriate and 
impressive — the latter full of practical wisdom — both having 
perhaps more of the unction of the occasion than is usually 
realized even in premeditated performances. 

The Inaugural services of the 22d commenced at ten o'clock 
A. M., in the Village Church. The services consisted of * 
singing by the College choir. Prayer by Rev. Dr. Clark. 
A historical address by the retiring President, including the 
ceremony of giving the College seal, charter, &-c., as an act of 
induction, to his successor, and closing with the announce- 
ment of a donation of ten thousand dollars; to the College, 



from the Trustees of the late Samuel Appleton, for the erec- 
tion of a Cabinet of Natural History. This address was fol- 
lowed by a few beautiful and appropriate remarks from Col. 
A. H. Bullock, of Worcester, communicating the doings of 
the Trustees, in reference to the aforesaid donation. Mr. 
Bullock's remarks on the reception of this gift were received 
with universal and hearty applause. Two or three degrees 
were conferred by the retiring President, among others one on 
Alvan Clark, Esq., of Cambridge, maker of the magnificent 
telescope recently presented to the College by Rufus Bullock, 
Esq., of Royalston, Mass. After a few minutes recess, a Lat- 
in Oration of a congratulatory character was delivered, accord- 
ing to appointment, by Hasket Derby, a member of the Sen- 
ior Class. The closing exercise was the Inaugural Address 
hy the President. 

The following is a copy of the votes passed by the 
"Trustees, in reference to the Appleton donation. 

Voted, That the Trustees of Amherst College hereby ex- 
press their profound gratitude, in which all the alumni and 
friends of education will unite, to Messrs. Nathan Appleton, 
William Appleton and N. I. Bowditch, Trustees under the 
will of the late Samuel Appleton, for the large and generous 
benefaction which they have conferred on the Institution in 
the donation this day communicated to the Board. 

Voted, That fully appreciating the noble and exalted pur- 
pose which was cherished by the excellent and lamented de- 
ceased, in the trust by him committed to the discretion of the 
Trustees, and fully concurring with those gentlemen, in their 
estimate of the object for which they have designated this dona- 
tion ; this Board hereby accept the same, and will appropriate 
the funds to the erection of a Zoological and Ichnological 
Cabinet, in accordance with the views of the said Trustees 
under the Will. 

Voted, That the building aforesaid when completed shall be 
called and known by the name of the Appleton Cabinet. 

Vptpd, That Messrs. Bullock, Hitchcock and Child be a 
Committee to communicate a copy of these votes to the said 
"Trustees under the Will. 



SERMON. 



BY 



Rev. JONATHAN LEAVITT,. 



of Providence, R. I. 



SERMON. 



" Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for 



THE GIFT BESTOWED UPON US BY THE MEANS OF MANY PER- 
SONS, THANKS 

2 Cor. i : xi. 



SONS, THANKS MAY BE GIVEN BY MANY ON OUR BEHALF." 



This occasion takes hold on infinite interests. For from 
this hour dates a new ministry in this College Church. And, 
if the good providence of God, shall prolong it, its influence, 
for the conversion and religious usefulness of students suc- 
cessively gathered here, may originate hundreds of ministries, 
which shall diverge from this spot, in dimmer or brighter lines 
of light, to the ends of the earth. Its influence may, also, un- 
der God, give hundreds of model christian young men to all 
the other learned professions. It may, moreover, largely bring 
into realization the true ideal of what a christian college ought 
to be within itself, namely, its whole growing, busy, intellect- 
ual life, one continuous holiness to the Lord. So bright 
possibilities of good open to our hope within this new pas- 
torate. And on the other hand, equal liabilities present 
themselves, since all men are ever fallible and frail. So that, 
in most sober estimate of it, the event of this hour may 
prove within this its sphere, a solemn crises for good, or its 
opposite, touching the well-being of man and the glory of 
God for time and eternity. And can any human influence 
decide the result auspiciously ? There is an influence, pre- 
sented in our text, which could. It is. 



8 - 

The Intercessory Power of the Church, as to the ministry. 

It was embodied in the text by a great preacher. He was 
not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. Miracles and 
conversions marked his pathway amidst the nations. Yet, great 
as he was in his work, he attributed to the church of his 
time, intercessory power to determine the measure of even 
his service and success. To the entire church at Corinth 
he said, " Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for 
the gift bestowed upon us by the means of many persons, 
thanks may be given by many on our behalf:" as if he said, 
Dear brethren, co-intercessors at Corinth, all of you join your 
prayers together with mine for me. You are many. Your 
influence is proportionate to your numbers. By means of 
you, the many praying persons at Corinth, the gift I need 
for my ministry, may be bestowed upon me. So clear, on 
the face of his words, lies the sentiment, the intercessory 
power of the church, as to the ministry. And if the help of 
this power in the church was important to Paul, it is to every 
preacher on earth : and not least to him, who preaches to a 
College. And if, under God, it could make Paul all it was 
desirable he should be, then it can enrich this ministry unto 
all happiest results. Scarcely, then, could a more practical 
appeal be urged this hour in this presence, than this our 
theme. 

The Intercessory Power of the Church, as to the ministry. 

And mark the exact import of its terms. The Church 
means the converted, associated as such. The ministry 
means authorized preachers. And the intercessory power of 
the church in regard to the ministry, is the whole influence, 
which the prayers of the church can put forth to bring the 
chosen men of God into the ministry, and then fully to em- 
power them for their best success in it. The extent of this 
power will appear as we proceed to enforce the truth, that it 
actually exists. The church does not feel that such a Power 
has actual existence, at her very hand. She does not wield 
it as if she did. She needs to see its reality broadly as it 
lies open in the Bible. We need this. So seeing it, we may 



move the great precious influence with the Lord of the min- 
istry more as he would have us. We will, then, survey our 
subject somewhat widely, as it lies in the Bible. 

And at the outset of this survey, this fact meets us, that 
all the general promises of the Bible, to prayer, apply fully to 
prayer made by the church for her preachers. One of these 
general promises is, '' If ye shall ask any thing in my name, I 
will do it." With what emphasis may the converted, togeth- 
er, plead Christ's name in behalf of Christ's ministers. Then 
how surely are they heard ! Another general promise to 
prayer is, " If two of you shall agree on earth, as touching 
any thing that ye shall ask, it shall be done for them." If 
then the Lord's people shall unite to ask greatest things in 
behalf of their pastors, greatest things shall be wrought of 
God, in, and for, and by his ministers. This argument from 
the general promises of the Bible to prayer, might be extend- 
ed. But it is already as conclusive as it is brief. In it we 
see Christ's chosen ones on earth, clothed with intercessory 
prerogative, regarding his ministers. 

We very distinctly see the same also, from their intercesso- 
ry influence, respecting civil rulers. That appears in these 
words. " I exhort that intercessions be made for kings, and 
for all that are in authority ; that we may lead a quiet and 
peaceable life in all godliness and honesty." Here, God 
in efl'ect, says to his people, '' By your intercessions, you 
may, through me, sway civil government to every thing 
necessary through it to the peace, virtue, and piety of the 
governed." Now civil rulers are God's secular ministers. 
And thus authorizing his praying people to sway his secular 
ministers, to a given eflfect, has he not authorized them also 
to sway his spiritual ministers to the same eflfect ? To a 
demonstration he has. For his spiritual ministers are a main 
instrument, through the public influence of the pulpit, by 
which his praying people control his secular ministers. 
And, of course, they, i. e. his praying people wield the 
instrument of their control. They wield the ministry, by 
their power with God in prayer. They do, if they will. 



10 

And they move it unto all the results of peace, virtue, 
and godliness around it. Verily the intercessory power of 
the church, as to the ministry, is most comprehensive. 

Thus far our argument is inferential, though very con- 
clusive. But we turn now to what is specifically related 
to our subject. 

Christ said to his disciples, " Pray ye the Lord of the 
harvest, that he will send forth laborers into his harvest." 
In these words, he directed the then existing church to 
pray for a ministry, sufficient for the then existing harvest. 
The, prayer, if duly offered, would secure this. The com- 
mand means that it would. The Lord of the ministry here 
teaches his people, that, if they will but duly use it, they 
have the power in prayer to fill the whole field with la- 
borers. And of course with laborers qualified to gather in 
the harvest. For with unqualified laborers, the harvest 
would fare worse than with none. Christ .then teaches his 
church, that hers is the influential intercession, not only to 
send out the requisite number of reapers into the field, but 
also, under God, to endow each one of the needed num- 
ber with the needed energy and skill for most blessed ef- 
ficiency. Here is the great, explicit commission of the 
Church, by her power in intercession with God, to make 
the ministry just all it need be. 

And at length this prerogative of the Church, imder her 
Head, was to be somewhat worthily tested. The Master, 
when about to ascend from earth, said to his chosen min- 
isters, " Tarry ye in Jerusalem, until ye be endowed with 
power from on high." And then, to represent to them, in 
symbol, the kind of power to be received, and his own 
intercessory agency in heaven in bestowing it, he breath- 
ed on them, and said unto them, Receive ye the Holy 
Ghost ; and, having said this, he ascended to the throne of 
his heavenly mediation. And they, in order to fulfil the 
kind of tarrying now to be effectual, betook themselves 
to that blessed upper chamber of prayer in Jerusalem. 
There were gathered with them members of the exist- 



. 11 

ing church, making in all an hundred and twenty dis- 
ciples. There they continue with one accord in prayer. 
And for what do they pray ? For what should they, but 
for that for which they are tarrying, the powerful en- 
dowing of the chosen ministry ? For this they pray ten 
successive days ; and the intercessory power of the church 
prevails ; and on each of her preachers sit in an instant 
manifold symbol tongues of flame ; and around them through 
all the place moves power, as of a rushing, mighty wind. 
The church had perseveringly, adequately, worthily help- 
ed, together by prayer, and now the great ascension gift 
was bestowed, by this means of many praying persons. 
The church, for her prevalent intercession, had now 
a prevalent ministry. Joyful thousands attested their united 
prevalence in a day. The number of her preachers was, 
for the time, full, before. But her great ten days' pray- 
er had brought down to her ministers their great full endow- 
ment for glorious success. So worthily did the church 
prove her collective power with God, in behalf of the 
ministry. Could she ever after neglect her prerogative ? 
Yes ; to-day she does. And, mournfully, her preachers, in this 
respect, unhelped of her, are therefore, unhelped of God. 
No Pentecost of power comes to them, because no Pen- 
tecost of prayer for them comes to the church. In just 
displeasure, the Hearer of prayer waits for the Church again 
to take up and duly honor her neglected prerogative of prev- 
alent intercession for the ministry. 

Still further on in the New Testament history of this ex- 
ceeding power of the people of God with him in regard of the 
ministry, it wrought mightily in connection with another, the 
thirteenth Apostle, by birth, Saul of Tarsus ; by the new 
birth and a divine call, Paul the Apostle. 

His Creator had made him, in his constitutional being, a 
very genius of quick, swift energy of the soul and mind ; 
as if an instinct missile from the bow of Omnipotence ; an 
electric bolt of daring purpose ; ever pressing achieve- 
liient up to the stupendous limit of impossibility even to him ; 



12 

ever urgent and restless to dash down and overleap the stern 
barrier, into some ampler realm of nobler deeds beyond. 

While yet a young man, on a career of " exceeding mad " 
persecution, approaching the city of Damascus, suddenly a 
light from a heaven, above the brightness of the sun at high 
noon, smote him to the earth. From the dust he quickly 
prayed to the Jesus he had persecuted. This young Napo- 
leon of the first persecution, in trembling prostration, prayed 
to the enthroned Nazarene, Lord of the overpowering glory. 
And being summoned to it by Jesus, he arose from the earth, 
and girded himself for his great Apostleship to the Gentiles. 
Christ crucified, he fully preached from Jerusalem round 
about unto Illyricum, to Rome, may be, to Spain, as he 
proposed, if not even to Britain. Around all the northern 
shores of the Mediterranean, the clustering tribes and nations 
of the Gentiles, not excepting ethereal Greece and iron 
Rome, started at the voice of his ministry, and moved in 
line of quick succession towards the Cross. And, while 
thus marshalling so vast, so multiform, yet assimilated a host 
unto Christ crucified, he had a pen inspired put into his 
hand from the skies, and gave to all coming time fourteen 
epistles, two-thirds in number, in amount three-fourths, of 
the inspired epistles : four other Apostles, Peter, James, 
John and Jude adding only seven of the twenty-one, and 
mostly shorter ones to the number. In miracles wrought 
by him ; in conversions, spiritual miracles, wrought with 
him ; in churches planted and sedulously edified ; in books 
added to the inspired canon ; in a life, one continuous prod- 
igy of self-sacrificing hardship, throughout a miracle of spir- 
itual beneficence ; in these, combined in one service, he was 
the great minister of the Apostolic, the great, age of Chris- 
tianity. In grandeur of mental being, and of official mission, 
he was the Moses of the second dispensation. 

Great ministers of God, from amongst weak, low men, 
Moses and Paul ! Compeers in grandeur of mental being, 
of ministerial mission ! One, the chief minister of the law ! 
The other, the chief minister of the Cross ! The one. Mo- 



13 

ses, leading the tribes of the literal Israel to Jordan, the 
limit of Sinai's land of the law ! The other, Paul, leading, 
in longer line, the more numerous and mightier Gentile 
tribes of the spiritual Israel, not in a literal, but spiritual 
movement, quick like himself, across the law land of con- 
viction of sin, into the Canaan of the Cross, there planted 
beneath its mid-day beamings of justifying sovereign grace, 
radiated full on them through the preaching and Epistles 
of the great persecutor, himself having been suddenly con- 
spicuously justified by sovereign grace into an eternal joy 
of faith. 

Surely if any human herald of God ever stood superior 
to the intercessory power of the church, it is this man of 
surpassing gifts of nature, and of the new nature. He shall 
be a test example in our argument, fully presented, and very 
decisive. If he, great in nature and in grace, leaned on 
the intercessory church, then his example is the ultimate 
model of inspiration for all the ministry, to the end of time. 
It is also the strongest demonstration to the church of her 
responsible power in this behalf. 

His own words shall present him in this respect. To the 
Corinthians he says, " Ye also helping together by prayer 
for us, that for the gift bestowed upon us by the means 
of many persons, thanks may be given by many on our 
behalf." To the Christians at Rome he writes, " Now I 
beseech you, brethren, for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake, 
and for the love of the Spirit, that ye strive together with 
me, in your prayers to God for me, that I may be deliver- 
ed from them that do not believe in Judea, and that my 
service, which I have for Jerusalem may be accepted of 
the saints, that I may come unto you with joy by the will 
of God, and may with you be refreshed." To the Ephe- 
sians he says, " Praying always with all prayer and suppli- 
cation in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all per- 
severance and supplication for all saints, and for me, that 
utterance may be given unto me, that I may open my 
mouth boldly, to make known the mystery of the Gospel, 



14 

for which I am an ambassador in bonds, that therein I 
may speak boldly, as I ought to speak." To the Thessa- 
lonians he writes, '' Brethren, pray for us." And to the He- 
brews he says, ^^ Pray for us ; and I beseech thee rather to 
do this, that I may be restored to you the sooner." 

Thus the spirit of inspiration moves his pen to call 
church after church to intercession for his ministry from 
place to place. Still more, of course, he would naturally 
solicit for himself the prayers of the church with whom he 
was at the time preaching ; thus forming all the churches, 
founded and trained by his personal labors, to a kind of 
concert of prayer for the Apostle to the Gentiles. Thus 
there came about a vast concentration of the intercessory 
power of many churches in his behalf. 

But what other minister of even the New Testament 
once asked for himself the prayers of a single church ? 
Where will the record be found ? 

And here may be the explanation, in part, of the con- 
spicuous fact, that Paul '^ labored more abundantly than 
they all," beside, of the primitive ministry. The churches 
prayed for him, as he so much requested them to do. 
Heaven concentrated its answers upon, and around, the 
man, so much prayed for ; and his whole being, surcharged, 
and helped on every side, by mighty aids from above, moved 
on tireless, in labors more abundant than those of all other 
ministerial laborers of the time. Favored preacher, and fa- 
vored churches, who, taught from above, understood and 
acted upon this economy of intercession for ministerial suc- 
cess ! Their example, and their answering unmeasured 
blessing teach all ministers and all churches a lesson, very 
momentous to the end of time. 

And we carry up our argument still higher than their exam- 
ple, and its approving blessing from God. We reach some of 
the divine reasons for this way of blessing ministers through the 
prayers of the church. Divine reasons are infinite arguments 
for any thing founded on them. That must be, for which 
God has a reason. An intercessory power must exist in the 



15 

church for the ministry, if God sees reason why it should. 
And the text states one divine reason for it, and involves 
more ; and it cannot but exist. 

One reason is, that all Christians may equally share in 
the honors of the usefulness of the ministry, all having 
helped the ministry together by their prayers to be useful. 

Another reason is, that all Christians equally, may thank 
and praise God only for all the usefulness of the ministry, 
now, and forever in heaven. Prayer before, ensures praise 
after, blessings come : full prayer ensures full praise. '•' That 
for the gift bestowed on us thanks may be given." 

Another involved good is, that, thus all the Lord's peo- 
ple are equally dependent upon each other, the ministry^ 
upon the prayers of all the church, as all the church are 
upon the teachings of the ministry. 

And through these three reasons, as through transparen- 
ces, we see three others, the equal impartial electing love 
of the Father, to all his elect, and redeeming love of Christ 
to all his redeemed, and sanctifying love of the Spirit to 
all his sanctified : this thrice equal, impartial love of the 
Trinity to all the saved, making them all equal in divine 
good, all the church equal with all the ministry, in honored 
usefulness here, and in blissful praises forever in heaven. 

And two other benefits, incident to this equal interde- 
pendence of the spiritual teacher and the taught, are, that 
the church member may not censure his minister for what 
may be consequent upon his own failure to intercede duly 
for him ; and the preacher may not vaunt himself over the 
lowest brother in the church, whose intercessions may be 
the true power of his own ministrations. 

All these great issues of good from it are final causes, 
divine reasons, for the existence of this power of prayer in 
the church. God, by his Apostle, assigns one of these rea- 
sons himself,^ namely, that all his people, having besought 
ministerial success from him, may ascribe it all to him. A 
power in the church, demanded by so many reasons, and 



16 

by one so vast as that divinely assigned, must have exist- 
ence under the ordering of Him, vt^ho is infinite Reason. 

And, while thus argument rises on argument for the 
truth that such a power must, and does, exist w^ith the 
people of God ; is there even one opposite argument, which 
the largest candor should recognize as such ? 

Does such intercessory influence in the church seem to 
overshadow and neutralize the suppliant power of the min- 
istry for itself? No. Both act in the same direction, for 
the same blessing on the Christian preacher. He may pray 
not without prevalence for himself; yet the church with 
far greater prevalence for him, according to the number of 
its co-intercessors ; inasmuch as the hearer of prayer is no 
respecter of persons. And what preacher welcomes not this 
influence in the church the more, as it is the greater, 
though eclipsing his own at the Mercy Seat ! 

At times indeed, in the ordering of glorious sovereignty, 
the pastor, like Moses and Samuel for Israel, may prevail 
in prayer for his whole people. At other times of crying 
degeneracy, he may prevail only to save his own soul. Yet 
these occasional exceptions only illustrate the general divine 
rule, of an intercessory influence in the church, great ac- 
cording to the numbers wielding it. 

It would ever stand conspicuously great, in its blessings 
attained in the ministry, were the conditions of its efficien- 
cy always fulfilled. They are three. Thorough honesty on 
the part of the ministry, prayed for, is one. Paul is em- 
phatic upon this. In the text he asks the prayers of the 
christians at Corinth for himself, and in the next sen- 
tence, adds, " For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of 
our conscience, that in simplicity and godly sincerity, not 
with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God we have 
had our conversation in the world :" as if he would as- 
sure his fellow disciples, that they need have no fear 
that dishonesty on his part, would countervail their pray- 
ers for him. And, in the same sentiment, he says to the 
Hebrews, " Pray for us ; for we trust we have a good con- 



17 

science, in all things willing to live honestly." Like Paul, 
let each of the ministry ever be able to say, " I have 
lived in all good conscience before God until this day," 
and a prime condition of the efficacy of the intercessions 
of christians in their behalf would be fulfilled. 

Another condition of it, is, that the preacher be him- 
self, thoroughly faithful in prayer, as was Paul. 

And still another of its conditions is, that the inter- 
cessions of the church be, in due degree, general, de- 
vout, and persevering. 

These three conditions thus fulfilled, the experience of 
every preacher, in regard to whom they were, would doubt- 
less itself be a glorious demonstration of a high interces- 
sory influence in the church of Christ, in behalf of his 
ministers. 

Its final results shall be our last argument for it. For, 
under the government of the All-wise, the claim that any 
important power exists, and should be earnestly exercised 
by his people, is very impressively realized in its final 
results. 

And our stand-point, taken for the survey of these results, 
shall be some bright height in heaven, amongst the ever- 
lasting hills, from which came all the help ever evoked on 
the ministry, by the intercessory church. And our time 
taken for this survey shall be, after the judgment shall 
have gathered all the true ministry, and all the true 
church to their celestial domain, studded with eminences 
of glory. And now the Master has adjusted all final re- 
wards. He has said to some, who were the more emi- 
nent on earth, concerning the less eminent, " I will give 
to these lower, even as unto you." " He that received 
a prophet, in the name of a prophet, shall receive a 
prophet's reward." He that prayed for a preacher in 
the name of a preacher, shall receive a preacher's re- 
virard. And he that interceded for an apostle, in the 
name of an apostle, shall receive an apostle's reward. 
So has he said, and so done, in divine equity, and eter- 

2 



18 

nal judgment. Accordingly, amidst these eminences of ce- 
lestial light, on one side, we see Paul the Apostle, while 
on earth, borne preeminent on the intercessions of labor- 
ing multitudes who are now standing on essential equality of 
blessedness and glory with him, whose ministry their inter- 
cessions had empowered through God. And amongst them 
are martyr saints from Judea, whose groans and cries to 
God, under the persecuting race of Saul of Tarsus, had 
prevailed, beyond their own thought or exact request, unto 
his glorious conversion and apostolic calling. And near- 
est him, amongst them, we seem to see Stephen, whose 
dying cry, " Lord, lay not this sin to their charge," had 
been answered in the pardon of the young persecutor, 
who was standing by " consenting unto his death," and in 
his zeal holding the garments of those who stoned the 
praying martyr And do we not seem to overhear Paul, at 
some interval in their celestial song, turning to the glo- 
rified martyr at his side, and saying to him. Your ex- 
piring intercession, '' Lord, lay not this sin to their charge," 
revealed in my conversion, to my soul, through the Holy 
Ghost, that great truth, the intercessory power of the 
church, for the ministry, by which intercessory power God 
used so to empower my ministry. And Paul, in heaven, 
could not be so blessed as he is, did not the martyr inter- 
tercessor for him, and all the brotherhood of intercessors 
for him stand around him on substantially his own heaven- 
ly altitude of glory. 

And, on another side, we see Moses, and grouped 
around him, in compeer glory, the once captive Israel- 
ites in Egypt, whose groaning heavenward, moved God, 
beyond all their distinct request, to come down to the 
burning bush in Midian, where Moses was, and there call 
him, and thenceforward empower him unto all that his 
ministry was. And Moses, who said on earth, " Would 
God, all the Lord's people were prophets," has now in 
heaven a full congenial blessedness, beholding in exult- 
ing throngs around him the agonizing intercessors of 



19 

Egypt, prophets In reward, equal with the propliet wiiom ' 
their intercessions evoked from exile to a glorious min- 
istry on earth. 

And, on yet another table land of glory, amidst its 
heights, we behold Elijah, and encompassing him, co-equals 
in the prophet's reward, the seven thousand, his contem- 
poraries on earth, who bowed not the knee to Baal, whose 
intercessions for Israel, the God of Israel, we deem an- 
swered in the going forth of his power, concentrated, con- 
spicuous on the great phrophet of their dark age. x\nd Elijah's 
heart could not so blissfully see one of them in less than the 
prophet's full reward. 

And at other celestial points, in like equal groupings 
of fraternal intercessors, we see Luther, and Whitefield, 
and Nettleton : and uncounted faithful, loving pastors of 
faithful, loving churches. And that beautiful motto, '-that 
so there may be equality," lives in the full blessedness 
of all hearts, a divine transplanting from the equal elect- 
ing, redeeming, sanctifying love of the Trinity to each 
one of all the elect, the redeemed, the sanctified. Such 
encliantinof beautv and fi:lorv in its final results, has the 
intercessory power of the church for the ministry. 

And these results, as we have glanced at them, shov/ 
to what large extent the conditions of the efficiency of 
this power have been fulfilled on earth, already before, 
and in our own time. Already, in its actual history, it 
is a mighty power and is to be yet, in Zion's coming better 
times, far mighter. 

On the course of thought we have pursued, we have 
seen this power made certain to the church, by general 
promises to prayer, applicable to this ; by parallel power 
in regard of God's civil ministers ; by the great com- 
mission of the Lord of the harvest to the praying church 
to fill it with laborers ; by the intercessory endov* ing of 
the Pentecostal preachers : by the great test example of 
Paul, fully unfolded, into its theory and philosophy of di- 
vine reasons ; by its full harmony with the suppliant pow- 



^0 

er of the ministry for itself; by the most reasonable and 
sufficient conditions of its efficiency ; and by its trans- 
porting, eternal, heavenly results, already of large com- 
pleted history on earth. With such accumulated, divine 
attestation is each true member of Christ's church fur- 
nished, that so high a power is put into his own hands 
by the Head of the church for the sending out, and 
successful empowering of Gospel preachers. 

Will we not all use it, as we never yet have ? Shall 
it not become better known, and better used, through all our 
churches ? Should not the members of all our churches 
resolve, devoutly before God, that they will continually, 
and largely befriend their own pastors by their best in- 
tercessions for them ? And should not all christians far more 
befriend Christ's cause of the evangelization of the whole 
world, by most importunate entreaty to Him, the Lord 
of the harvest, that he will send forth all needed laborers, 
with all needed power, to gather in the whole harvest. 

And here, in connection with the christianization of the 
world, opens upon us a solemn view of the relation of 
this power of the church to Christian Colleges. The 
churches have begun to understand it. Therefore exists 
their anniversary of prayer for Colleges, on the last Thurs- 
day in February. But that day, year by year, should see 
the churches at the Mercy Seat, on its one momentous 
errand, as it never yet has. The importance of its object 
would not be exaggerated, should the day see all churches, 
all individual Christians, in entreaty with fasting for our 
Colleges, from morning to eventide. 

But, beyond this, the closet of every Christian, the altar 
of every praying household, the offerings of every sanctu- 
ary, should sometimes, not seldom, earnestly, persever- 
ingly, unceasingly bring our Colleges up in remembrance 
before God. And the continuous prayer of the year, of 
year after year, should become far more important to them 
before God, than even the important anniversary day of 
prayer for them. 



21 

And should not each Christian College have its special 
circle of Christian friends, and of churches particularly 
friendly to it, who, while generously interceding for our 
Colleges in general, should dwell in special intercessions 
upon the one College of their heart's special adoption ? 
Would not this be rational moral economy ? A.nd should 
not the officers and Christian students of this College put 
in requisition their opportunities of correspondence and of 
intercourse with pastors, churches and private Christians, 
to enlist, permanently, the largest possible amount of this 
blessed devotional aid to the furtherance of religion and 
salvation here ? Should not the effort be made the most 
permanently effectual ? Should it not be an adopted pur- 
pose with you all, and most persistent too ? 

And, while the pious students should be remembered in 
such intercessions ; and the unconverted students very im- 
portunately remembered ; the ministry of our Colleges 
should be upborne before the Almighty One as with strong 
crying and tears of holy sympathy. May it not solemnly 
be said, that Presidents and Professors of our Colleges 
who are also their preachers, need four-fold, twice- 
double, measures of the ministerial unction. Would not 
all pastors, who have been transferred to the College la-- 
bors, say so ? And should not pastors, with their churches, 
feel this, and pray for the ministry of our Colleges accord- 
ingly ? 

But let me commend specially to the intercessions of 
this College Church their associate ministry, their Presi- 
dent, the Pastor, and the Professors, associate preachers. 
Pray daily for them all. Pray for them all, as intensely as 
if you only did pray for them, and as hopefully as if you 
knew thousands of pious hearts, and hundreds of pulpits 
prayed continually for them. 

Pray for him, who this hour becomes your pastor. He 
comes to you from a long pastorate with an affectionate 
church. Let your hearts as warmly adopt him, and most 
devoutly and continually pray for him. Seek at once a 



22 

glorious revival under his ministrations. Plead for it, labor 
for it, till it comes, graciously hastened. 

And now, my brother, my own brother, you enter this 
hour, into an honored pastorate. Heaven has honored it. 
I enjoyed, as a student here, its influence w^hen the ven- 
erated Moore, the first President of the College, saw its 
first revival of religion. His excellent successor. President 
Humphrey, saw also the arm of the Lord made bare, in 
connection with his labors for the conversion of students 
here. And his successor. President Hitchcock, now retir- 
ing from this pastorate, yet to be still of this associate 
College ministry, has witnessed like revival visitations with- 
in these College walls. The history of this College, in re- 
gard to special displays of regenerating power, has hitherto 
been rich, very rich with mercy; like those of Yale, Wil- 
liams, Middlebury, and Dartmouth. This, adored be the 
Author of the grace, this has been, hitherto, eminently a 
College of revivals. And may your pastorate be one con- 
tinuous, mighty revival ; most pure, deep, all-transforming. 
Well have I known you, placed as I was, successor of 
your father in his ministry, and for years one in your na- 
tive home. Well have I known the eminently religious 
parental auspices, und^r which you were formed to a faith 
and life, such that you could pass your College course in- 
tact of the great religious defection around you, and for 
many years minister hard by, still true to your father's 
high faith and spiritual life. 

May your influence help largely to keep this College at 
the utmost Christian opposite from the descending path- 
way of Romanizing and rationalistic Colleges across the sea 
or this side the sea. And, when you rest from your ser- 
vice here, may thousands of effectual intercessory helpers 
of your ministry here unto its utmost success, group around 
you, in the presence of the Lamb, all your vast joy their 
joy, to his glory. 



CHARGE 



AT THE 



INSTALLATION 



BY 



Rev. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, D. D., LL.D. 



CHARGE 



My Beloved Christian Brother : 

I FEEL as if it would be a work of supererogation for me to 
go into a detailed statement on this occasion, of the ordinary 
duties of the ministry, in giving a charge to one, who for more 
than twenty years has so faithfully and successfully performed 
them. But it may be more appropriate that I should call 
your attention to some peculiarities in the character and habits 
of a literary community like this, that demand an adaptation 
of ministerial functions. 

I remark in the first place, that it is not one of these pecu- 
liarities, that in such a community any substitute can be 
found for a plain and systematic exhibition of the system 
of the Gospel. 

The temptation in such a place is very strong to introduce 
such substitutes to the partial, if not entire exclusion of the 
naked Gospel ; because such an eclat attends novelty and 
brilliancy among literary young men of ardent temperament, 
and so severe are they often in their criticisms upon prosing 
dulness, under which category they often include a logical 
and calm exhibition of doctrines. To gratify this taste for 
the novel, the brilliant, and the poetical, the truth, which 
saves men, is often sacrified. It is thought necessary to in- 
terest the youthful mind, and, therefore, one man will feel 
justified in presenting elegant systems of philosophy in their 
theological relations. Another will amuse and interest by 



26 

learned and ingenious modes of interpreting Scripture, which 
divert the atteation from the plain and practical meaning. 
Another will deck scriptural truth in so brilliant a dress, and 
in such gaudy colors, that its native form and proportions are 
lost sight of. 

Now such efforts, if properly made, may occasionally be 
very useful in a literary community. But if they crowd out 
or obscure the simple Gospel, souls will not be converted. 
For it is only systematic truth that can save the soul. And 
in no society whatever should it be preached more plainly 
and simply than in college. Philosophy may give a graceful 
form to the sword of truth, and rhetoric bestow upon it a 
splendid polish, but systematic theology alone can give it a 
keen edge. And I cannot but regard it as an ill omen, that 
while men at the present day glory in presenting the princi- 
ples of every other science in a logical and connected form, 
there should be such a prejudice against systematic theology, 
and a preference of loose, indefinite, and merely sentimental 
views of scriptural truth. 

The theology of this Institution is marked and well under- 
stood. The system, technically denominated the Doctrines of 
the Reformation, which you stated so .clearly this afternoon 
before the Council, has ever been plainly preached here, with 
no attempt, however, to decide between the different evan- 
gelical schools among us. But we require no test of belief in 
those who join us ; and give instruction, and award College 
honors, entirely irrespective of the religious belief. But be- 
lieving ourselves, that except a man he horn again he cannot 
enter the kingdom of heaven, we urge this great truth, and 
its allied doctrines, as plainly and forcibly as we can. If this 
be sectarianism, then this. is a sectarian College. But it has 
ever been entirely frank and honest in the avowal and defence 
of its creed, and uses no weapons but manly argument and 
kind exhortation to win over converts to its adoption. May 
the Institution never cease to follow this course, and ever 
regard the personal piety of its pupils as of far higher impor- 
tance than all other attainments. 



27 

The peculiar spiritual dangers that are encountered on 
College ground, form a second point to which I ask your 
attention. 

At this day we try to fill our library with all works respect- 
ably written, whatever errors they contain. For the friends 
of truth ought not to fear to meet every error in the open 
field of argument, and there to strip off its meretricious at- 
tractions, and show its naked deformity. But in this way the 
multiplied and ingenious systems of scepticism, baptized and 
unbaptized, will be thrown before youthful and ardent minds, 
while yet experience is small and judgment immature. Many 
of these systems have all the attractions which brilliant genius 
can give them, and there is nothing more fascinating to the 
youthful scholar, than original and elegant diction, even when 
employed to decorate a whited sepulchre, hiding in its re- 
cesses the foulest corruption. 

Now the College pastor will feel it to be his duty to meet 
these subtle delusions, to strip off their sophistry, and show 
the superior -charms of truth. Not, indeed, that he should be 
always employed in refuting error ; for, as I have already re- 
marked, one of the most important means of putting down 
error is to establish the truth by proclaiming the great princi- 
ples of natural and revealed religion. 

But there are other peculiar dangers in college affecting 
Christian practice, that demand special attention in the pastor. 
Among these are the various combinations found there which 
are often used to crush personal independence. There is first 
the division into classes ; and since there is a general im- 
pression that these in their united capacity can never do 
wrong, the refractory individual, who thinks they can, is 
branded as dishonorable, and subjected to sarcasm and abuse. 
Then come the various societies, which in like manner com- 
bine to force into conformity those who, for conscience' sake, 
attempt to stand alone. Such influences, coming unexpect- 
edly upon the young Christian, are usually too much for him, 
especially as it is his duty to conform as far as possible to the 
wishes and opinions of classmates, and fellows of the same so- 



28 

ciety. But sometimes it does not satisfy unscrupulous public 
sentiment to conform as far as the principles of morality and 
religion will allow. But a set of rules, not written but under* 
stoodj called sometimes the rules of honor, are made the stand- 
ard, which are quite different from those of Paley or Wayland^ 
and, I fear, the Bible also. To help the young man, and 
especially the young Christian, to steer between this moral 
Scylla and Charybdis, is surely a duty of no mean importance 
for the College pastor. 

Another prominent, perhaps the most prominent moral 
danger of College life, lies in social influences. And here the 
danger is the greater, from the absence of the sacred social in- 
fluences of home, to which the student has been ticcustomed, 
and which have been a guard to him. But now he comes 
under the influence, it may be, of those who are satisfied with 
no social recreations that do not bring them within the pur* 
lieus of dissipation. The boisterous frolic soon becomes tire- 
some without narcotic and alcoholic stimulants. An almost 
necessary concomitant of these are profaneness and the card 
table ; and before the young man is aware of his danger, he 
has learned to frequent and enjoy the midnight carousal. Yet 
this must be indulged away from public observation, in some 
secure den, prepared by those who pander to criminal indulg- 
ence for the sake of a miserable pecuniary reward. So that, 
although this be one of the most dangerous of all College 
temptations, and more destructive of body and soul, of talents,, 
morals, and hopes, than any other, yet on account of its secret 
nature it is most difficult of access by the pastor, and he is 
often compelled to see evidence in the haggard countenance 
and miserable scholarship of the student, that the dreadful 
work of self-ruin is going on, and yet have no such proof as 
will satisfy partial friends, or fix the charge upon the fascinated 
victim himself. 

An inordinate desire for College honors, whether bestowed 
by the Faculty or fellow-students, constitutes another peculiar 
spiritual danger. And here the great difficulty lies in the fact 
that efforts for distinction in scholarship are laudable, and en* 



29 

couraged by Trustees and Instructors. Hence the talented 
and pious young man, not distinguishing between the desire 
of distinction for the sake of being more useful, and the nar- 
row ambition of standing first among classmates, becomes ere 
long, and almost without any rebukes of conscience, a most 
devoted aspirant for College honors ; goaded on by the senti- 
ment, aut Ccesar aut nullus. The disastrous effect of such 
feelings upon the religious character I need not detail. In- 
deed I cannot go into this subject now. But I fear that you, 
Sir, will have too many proofs that what Henry Martyn said 
of the English Universities in his day, is no less applicable to 
American Colleges : that " Christ is often crucified between 
two thieves — classics and mathematics." I wish there were 
only two. 

A third point, deserving the special attention of the Col- 
lege pastor, is the rapidity with which character is formed 
in such a community. 

I do not speak with mathematical exactness ; but I have 
long had the conviction that one year in College is about 
equivalent to ten years in our country towns — I will not say 
in our cities — in the moulding of character. Influences, both 
for good and for evil, cluster around the young man as he en- 
ters College walls, that have a fearful power. If fortified by 
correct religious principle and the Christian hope, he takes a 
firm stand on the side of truth and piety, his course is rapidly 
onward and upw^ard ; and having triumphed over College in- 
fluences for evil, he may be trusted almost anywhere. But if 
he happens to yield at first to evil temptations, it is painful to 
see what downward strides he will take towards infamy and 
ruin. 

The College pastor will need but a brief experience to see a 
realization of these statements, and they will lead him to re- 
solve to do with his might what his hands find to do. With 
myself the eflfect of such a picture has been a conviction, that 
a revival of religion is as needful in College once a year — cer- 
tainly once in two years — as it is in most of our country towns 
once in ten years. To have such seasons occur only once in 



30 

three years and a third, as they have done here, is not suffi- 
cient to sustain the standard of piety where it ought to be ; 
certainly not sufficient to save a multitude of talented young 
men, who before such a period expires are often irrecoverably 
won over to indifferentism, if not hostility to religion. 

The probable future character and position of his hearers, 
constitutes another peculiarity deserving the careful consid- 
eration of the College pastor. 

He may be sure that a large pajt of his hearers from sabbath 
to sabbath, will become ministers, physicians, lawyers, teach- 
ers, editors, authors, and statesmen ; that they will occupy 
stations of large influence, and that whatever he can do to 
inspire them with correct and elevated moral and religious 
sentiments, and to make them men in the broadest sense of 
the term, w^ill be conveyed through them to others, and flow 
onward in the widest channels of influence, to unborn genera- 
tions. Moreover, should he be the means of the conversion 
of any young man of good abilities, what an accession would 
he make to the moral power that is working for the good of 
our race. In the abstract, one soul is as precious as another, 
whether civilized or savage, and the conversion of one as im- 
portant as that of the other. But there is a wide difference, 
so far as influence upon the world is concerned, between the 
conversion of the talented, educated youth, and the obscure 
and debilitated old man. A soul is saved in either case, and, 
therefore, there is joy in heaven. But in the first example, 
we may calculate that a movement has been started, by which 
ten, or a hundred, or a thousand, will be renewed, and per- 
haps many more. 

How many of his hearers may rise to posts of distinguished 
usefulness, the pastor may not be able to predict with certain- 
ty. But the history of the past assures him that some will ; 
and his partiality for his beloved charge may lead him to ex- 
pect that many will. It is not usually till life's meridian is 
passed that such posts are reached ; and therefore the history 
of our college, which has not yet arrived at the middle age of 
man, will give the number of such below the truth, as it shall 



31 

be developed in coming years. Yet, as the list now stands, 
we have no reason to be ashamed of it, and it is large enough 
to be a powerful stimulant to the College pastor. Already 
thirty-two of our graduates have become professors in our 
higher institutions of learning, five have been called to the 
presidency in the same, five have become judges in our supe- 
rior courts, four have been chosen to Congress, and eighteen 
have received the honorary degree of doctor of divinity. 

But perhaps the College pastor will get most deeply impres- 
sed with his responsibility when he contemplates the influ- 
ence he is exerting upon the churches of our land, as well as 
upon the distant heathen. Amherst College has furnished 
upon an average fifteen ministers each year since its com- 
mencement. But the annual supply must now be more than 
this. Suppose only one hundred of the one hundred and fifty 
professors of religion now in College, enter the ministry. 
This would give a supply of twenty-five yearly. Suppose it 
twenty, or rather four times twenty, since that is the number 
of the future ministers of the churches in this or in heathen 
lands, v.'ho will come under the influence of the preaching 
and other labors of the College pastor. Now it should be 
borne in mind, that the standard of piety in a church will 
rarely if ever rise higher than that of its pastor ; and how im- 
portant does it become, that the piety of those who are to be 
the future ministers of eighty churches should be kept in a 
healthy and growing state in the earlier periods of their pre- 
paration, especially when it is recollected that probably as 
many as eight of these will be in heathen lands. And what 
great importance do such statements attach to the pastoral 
office in such an institution as this ! 

Thus far, my Christian Brother, the suggestions which I 
have made have tended, I doubt not, to deepen a sense of 
your responsibility and of insufficiency to discharge the duties 
imposed upon you, and you are ready to exclaim w^th peculiar 
emphasis, who is sufficient for these things ? I doubt not, 
however, that you know full well where to resort for support 
under such circumstances. God is, indeed, as He has styled 



S2 

himself, a God easy to find, especially by all who are striving 
to do their duty and who feel their weakness. But amid all 
the untoward influences in College, unfavorable to spiritual 
progress, there is one cheering fact in this institution, of which 
I would not have you ignorant. You will ever find here, if 
the past is an index of the future, not a few bright examples 
of humble devoted piety ; young men who have sincerely con- 
secrated their whole souls — the dew of their youth, to the 
service of their Redeemer, and whose piety the world's harpy 
fingers have not defiled. The fire of holy love burns bright- 
ly on the altar of their hearts, and you will find them ever 
ready to do any thing in their power, to advance and sustain 
the cause of religion in the institution. On these, as upon a 
forlorn hope, you can rely in religion's darkest hour. You 
will be cheered too, to find how deep and extensive is the in- 
terest felt in behalf of the spiritual welfare of the Institution 
by the devotedly pious of the land. Nor shall a Divine In- 
fluence be wanting in answer to the prayers of so many, who 
have power with God ; and from time to time, you shall wit- 
ness, I trust, those seasons, so precious to a pastor's heart, 
when in many a bosom the pangs of a convicting conscience 
shall be succeeded by the peace and the joy of a new-born 
soul. God make you the participator in many such scenes, 
before you are called to commit to another, the precious trust 
which we now commit to you 1 



ADDRESS 



ON 



RETIRING FROM THE PRESIDENCY 



BY 



Ret. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, D. D., LL.D. 



ADDRESS 



Respected Trustees, Officers, and Friends ; and belov- 
ed Graduates and Pupils of Amherst College : 

When my venerable predecessor, nearly ten years ago, 
committed the oversight of this Institution into my hands, his 
parting words consisted mainly of facts respecting its origin 
and progress ; thus furnishing its future historian with details, 
many of which he only could give. I propose on this occa- 
sion, to follow his example ; attempting, in the first place, to 
•add a few special facts to his statements, respecting the earlier 
days of the College, and then to go more into detad concerning^ 
the last ten years. If, in doing this, I should speak oftener 
of myself than either I or you would desire, let my apology 
be the circumstances in which I am placed. For there are 
times when personal narrative is not egotism. Yv'^hen the cam- 
paign is over, the soldier may be allowed to speak of scenes 
in which he has been an actor ; and personal reminiscences 
are permitted to those in advanced life, who are passing oh' 
the stage of action, which might be improper for those juul 
buckling on their armor, or in the midst of the conflict. 

But in the outset let me say, that in looking back upon my 
connection w^ith this Institution, so manifest is it that God'i^ 
special providence has brought about all of good it has expe- 
rienced, even though I was an humble instrument, and so large- 
ly have my own errors and neglect been concerned in the 
evils it has suffered, that humiliation becomes me far better 
than self-gratulation. 

It is now twenty nine years since I was elected Professor oi 



36 

Chemistry and Natural History in this College ; and I cannot 
but contrast the aspect of things here then, with what they 
are to-day. I came here in 18'25, two years after Dr. Hum- 
phrey, and four years after the College went into operation. 
Professor Snell became connected with it the same year as 
myself. Consequently we can reckon as our pupils, one thous- 
and and forty-one of the one thousand and ninety-four who 
have graduated here. 

The only buildings erected when we commenced our labors, 
were the middle and south colleges, with a sort of pyramidal 
tower in front of them, containing a small bell, while the vil- 
lage church stood upon the spot now occupied by the cabinet. 
. You may wonder where we found a chapel, a laboratory, a 
philosophical lecture room, and cabinet. The fact is, one 
room with an adjoining closet, was made to subserve all those 
purposes. It was in the fourth story of the middle college — 
the same room now occupied by the Alexandrian Society. 
There, morning and evening, all college assembled for devo- 
tions. In the intervening period, the Professor of Philosophy, 
or myself, ma;de preparations for our lectures, and delivered 
them. I thought, however, sometimes, that the students at 
evening prayers, were more deeply affected by the mephitic 
gases that had been generated in the room during the day, 
than by the religious services. 

In other respects the facilities for instruction in my depart- 
ment, were no better than the lecture room. The chemical 
apparatus was not of the value of ten dollars, and of natural 
hisfory collections, there was absolutely nothing, if I rightly 
recollect. The work before me then I found to be, first to 
secure a laboratory and cabinet, and then to fill them with 
chemicals, and specimens in the various departments. In 1826, 
the chapel building was erected, and thus the rooms were pro- 
vided ; but to fill them with apparatus and specimens, has 
been the work of nearly thirty years. In 1848, the new Cab- 
inet and Observatory was completed, more than tripling the 
space for specimens, and yet the rooms are all now filled ; and 
we never, perhaps, so needed a new cabinet as at this moment. 



37 

I have said that to collect and arrange these cabinets, has 
required nearly thirty years ; more properly I might say, it has 
required seventy-five years. For in fact, three individuals 
have devoted as much as twenty-five years each, of the most 
active part of their lives to this work ; and providence lias led 
them to bring together the results of their labor on this emi- 
nence. Here they have placed not less than six thousand of 
the most choice specimens of minerals ; over twenty thousand 
rocks and fossils ; some five thousand species of plants ; two 
thousand specimens of vertebrated animals ; two hundred of 
radiated animals ; five thousand species of articulated animals ; 
and eight thousand species of shells ; forming, in the several de- 
partments, richer collections than any other in our country. And 
these have been chiefly obtained without expense to the col- 
lege, save in providing cabinets for their exhibition, and the 
expenditure of three hundred dollars annually, a few years past, 
for their increase and preservation ; which was made a condi- 
tion of the noble gift by Professor Adams, and indispensable to 
prevent such large collections from deterioration. Their whole 
value cannot be put less than some forty thousand dollars ; the 
gratuitous use of which the college enjoys. Indeed, a large 
proportion of these collections have been already presented to 
the Institution, and I trust that none of them will ever leave 
its walls. 

Equally gratifying has been the progress of facilities for in- 
struction in chemistry. This is especially true since the Lab- 
oratory has been so well fitted up, Lot only for demonstrative,, 
but for analytical and applied chemistry, by Professor Clark ; 
and its walls covered by the fine collections of apparatus de- 
posited by Professors Shepard and Mallet. 

Equally obvious is this progress in the philosophical cabi- 
net, now so ample, and so admirably exhibited, through the 
skill and industry of Professor Snell, who has been faithfully 
devoted to this object for a quarter of a century. What a 
contrast does it now present to that handful of instruments 
that were once stowed in a closet in the fourth story of mid- 
dle college. 



38 

The other departments in College, the literary, psychologi- 
TCal and moral, demanding but little of apparatus, cannot ex- 
hibit the same kind of progress as the scientific. Neverthe- 
■ less their advancement has been equally, I might perhaps say 
" in respect to some, more marked. Take the classics for in- 
stance. I do not doubt that quite as much proficiency is now 
required in Latin and Greek to enter the Sophomore class, as 
was formerly attained at graduation. Nor has such an ele- 
. vation of the standard of scholarship been secured but by the 
eminent ability and untiring industry of the several gentlemen 
^ who have had charge of those departments. 

The library is one of the essentials of a good college, in 
. which all the departments feel an almost equal interest. And 
. here, too, thirty years have witnessed great changes. Then, a 
''few hundred volumes, gathered chiefly by donation from the 
scanty collections of clergymen and others, occupied another 
room adjoining the chapel-laboratory, in the fourth story of 
middle college. Nor were the additions of much conse- 
quence, till the year 1830, when an interesting movement on 
' the subject of temperance opened the way for the first impor- 
'•tant eflfort on this subject that occurred. Jolin Tappan, Esq., 
', of Boston, one of the earliest, most consistent and effective pio- 
neers of temperance in our land, proposed to the members of 
College, that if they would form a society, whose members 
were pledged against the use of ardent spirit, wine, opium and 
tobacco, he would present them with five hundred dollars, to 
; be used as they thought fit. The members of College, — al- 
though such a pledge at that day, was far in advance of public 
opinion, formed the society, but refused the donation, lest 
they should seem to have been bribed. Mr. Tappan then 
gave the money to the College, for the purchase of books. 
This stimulated other friends to contribute over three thousand 
dollars for the same object, and being judiciously expended by 
Prof. Hovey in Europe, it furnished us with a most valuable 
commencement of what, I doubt not, is ere long to become a 
large library. 

And I may as well give the results of that temperance 



39 

movement. For twenty-four years I have acted either as Sec- 
retary or President of the Antivenenean Society then formed, 
and have presented the pledge to nearly every class. The 
consequence is, that the roll contains the names of eleven 
hundred and sixty officers and students, of whom one hundred 
and ninety-two are now members of College ; a number great- 
er by two hundred and twenty-seven, than has graduated here 
since 1829. That some have violated the pledge, I doubt 
not ; for there are alw^ays men in every community, whose 
word and sacred honor are not strong enough to resist the 
clamors of depraved appetite. But that the society has ac- 
complished much for individual and the general welfare, I 
cannot doubt. And the double advantage w'hich the Institu- 
tion has received from this effort of a distinguished philan- 
thropist, shows that the incidental may, sometimes, exceed the 
direct benefits of well doing. 

In 1844, our library received another impulse in the estab- 
lishment of the Sears Foundation of Literature and Benev- 
olence, by Hon. David Sears of Boston. This requires at 
least one hundred and twenty dollars of the income of said be- 
quest to be devoted annually to the purchase of books, till the 
year 1928, and allows a much larger sum to be used for the 
same purpose, if other objects do not more imperiously de- 
mand it. 

About the same time, one thousand dollars were presented 
for the purchase of books by John Tappan, Esq., and never 
was a donation more opportune or more gratefully received. 

I find the earliest germ of the recent effort, which has result- 
ed in the erection of our present library building, in an infor- 
mal meeting of a few generous friends from Salem, when at- 
tending Commencement, and observing the leanness of our 
library. They started a subscription to increase it, in the hope 
of attracting others to follow their example. Whether George 
Merriam, Esq., was aware of this, I know not, when he gen- 
erously offered fifteen hundred dollars as the commencement 
of a subscription of twenty thousand dollars. But the late 
Professor Edwards, in 1850, seized upon this offer and brought 



.40 

the subject before the Trustees, and in consequence a com- 
mittee was appointed who issued a circular to the friends of 
the College, inviting their assistance. The Trustees and 
Faculty started the subscription liberally, and by the perse- 
vering efforts of professors Tyler and Jewett, twenty thousand 
dollars were at length secured ; the new edifice was erected ; 
and enough new works added to cover its shelves with more 
than ten thousand volumes. 

It is not generally understood, I apprehend, how much we 
are indebted to Professor Edwards for the arrangement and 
prosecution of this enterprise. His whole soul was in it, as I 
might show by quotations from his numerous letters on the 
subject. The ground he took was this : " Erect a stone build- 
ing; in good taste ; fire proof; an ornament to the College 
and the town, and then put in eight thousand select volumes 
in all departments of science and literature, and it would be a 
noble spectacle ; the crowning act to the long series of great 
and self-denying eflforts which the friends of the college have 
put forth."* Again, in regard to the location, about which it 
is well known there was much painful diversity of opinion, he 
wrote, after giving in full his objections to placing the edifice 
near the present college buildings, as follows : '' You will 
pardon my zeal in this matter. I have taken a deep in- 
terest in the library and in the library building, and have 
had my heart on living to see a neat and tasteful edifice on 
the Parsons estate, — the only good locality. Better give 
two thousand dollars for that property and invest the money 
subscribed for a building till the lot would be paid for 
in thai way." It was this earnestness of so judicious a 
friend that led me, more than my own {)references, to urge 
strenuously the adoption of his views, though obliged to 
thwart the wishes of other friends ; and it is certainly gratify- 
ing to know, now that he is gone, that the results accord so 
well with his wishes and plans, though their accomplishment 
cost me more care and anxiety than almost any other college 
enterprise of the last ten years. 

♦Letter of Feb. 2d, I80O. 



41 

I must not forget to refer in this connection to the libraries 
of the Literary Societies in College. Those of the Alexan- 
drian and Athenian Societies have already reached the large 
number of thirty-five hundred volumes each ; making the 
whole number in the College libraries, about eighteen thous- 
and. The Literary Societies have certainly done nobly in 
this respect, and are entitled to the thanks of the College and 
its friends. 

But I must not suffer this gratifying contrast between the 
early and present condition of the College to pass, without 
adverting to the long and arduous struggle and sacrifices it 
has cost to place the Institution upon its present vantage 
ground. The earlier struggles and rebuffs encountered, have 
been vividly described by Dr. Humphrey, in his valedictory 
address. Yet, only those who were personally engaged, as he 
was, in this protracted war with prejudice and poverty, can 
realize its severity, nor how long the scales hung in uncertain 
balance. Let me say, what my predecessor's modesty pre- 
vented his saying, that sometimes, so driven into straits were 
the Trustees in those early days, that the meetings were more 
devoted to prayer, than to the actual adoption of particular 
measures. Nevertheless, the enterprise of establishing a new 
college was popular out of the sphere of local and religious 
prejudices ; and the appointment of one as its President, so 
well known and confided in by the religious public for his 
wisdom and piety as Dr. Humphrey, attracted great numbers 
to its walls. When he entered upon his office, the number of 
students was one hundred and twenty-six, which, in eleven 
years, rose to two hundred and fifty-nine. Such an in- 
flux compelled the Trustees, as it were, to make outlays for 
the means of instruction beyond their slender pecuniary re- 
sources. They were hence involved in debt, and obliged to 
be almost constantly before the public, soliciting aid. This 
course began to turn the popular opinion against the College, 
and our numbers diminished. In nine years, — from 1836 to 
1845, it sunk to one hundred and eighteen. It was at this 



4-2 

period of painful depression that I was called to the Presi- 
dency, after several gentlemen from abroad had been in vain 
solicited to assume the office. It was no feigned modesty 
that led me to shrink instinctively from such an office, and 
especially under such circumstances. I have, indeed, too 
much ambition in my nature, but this office I never aspired af- 
ter. I was conscious of a constitutional unfitness for it. 
And, moreover, my health had long been in so depressed a 
condition, as seemed imperiously to demand a relief from care 
and labor, rather than the assumption of a double load. 
Nearly twenty years before, I had been dismissed from a be- 
loved church and people on the ground that my health was 
insufficient for ministerial duties there. I accepted the pro- 
fessorship of Chemistry and Natural History in Amherst Col- 
lege, in the hope that the more active duties of such an office 
might enable me to do a little for a few years in the cause of 
science and religion. For several years such was the effect ; 
yet at length my old complaints gathered new strength, and 
after having given nineteen annual courses of lectures on 
Chemistry and Natural History, without a single failure, I felt 
it indispensable that I should have release for a time, and had 
begun to make arrangements for a foreign tour : and some 
friends in London, as a means of defraying my expenses, had 
already announced a course of lectures to be given by me in 
that city. But when I came to look the question of duty 
fairly in the face, I was forced, in spite of the state of my 
health and strong reluctance, to buckle on a closer harness 
and assume heavier responsibilities than I had ever done. 
Yet it was understood, certainly by myself, that I assumed 
the responsibilities only during an exigency through which 
the college was passing ; to be released whenever that exig- 
ency should be successfully gone through. 

Perhaps I may be allowed to say here, that in assuming this 
office, I made a sacrifice, unknown to the world, but in my 
own feelings greater than any I have mentioned. For more 
than twenty years I had been turning my attention to the con- 
nection between science and religion, and making it the chief 



43 

point at which I aimed ; hoping, before I should die, to bring 
out in systematic form the results of my life-study. I per- 
ceived, that if I accepted the Presidency, that object must be 
abandoned; as in fact it has been. For the sands of my life 
are too nearly run, I fear, to resimie it now ; and so I must 
leave only disconnected fragments of what I had hoped to 
bring out in a perfected system. But when I saw how much 
more important was the welfare of this Institution than any 
of my literary plans, or health, or even life, I yielded to what 
seemed duty ; nor does my decision appear erroneous as I 
look at it in retrospect. God has shown me that He knew 
better than I did what it was best for me to do. 

But when I assumed this office, how faint, to human view, 
did the prospect seem that I should live to see any essential 
changes for the better in the condition of the College ! For 
in spite of the arduous labors and sacrifices, and I may add 
success too, of our general agent. Rev. Dr. Vaill, we had 
been sinking deeper and deeper in debt, for many years ; and 
the public were becoming very nervous under our solicitations 
for aid ; whilst almost all those improvements and additions, 
which a college in the nineteenth century requires, must be 
neglected. But I knew my colleagues to be not only emi- 
nently qualified as instructors, but true-hearted Christian men, 
who were willing to submit to any necessary sacrifice to ac- 
complish an important object. And if we took hold of the 
work with but feeble hope, we had an iron will. Two things 
seemed to us essential to begin with : one was, to stop the 
College running any farther in debt. Another was, to cease 
soliciting aid from the public, at least in a promiscuous way. 
With these two conditions, therefore, the Faculty offered to 
take the College upon their own shoulders, and to receive no 
regular salaries ; but only the ordinary income, wliich we 
knew would fall short of our regular salaries by some two 
thousand dollars. It did so ; but it stopped the downward 
course of the College, and turned, to some extent, the preju- 
dices of the public into sympathy for us. Still we could make 
no improvements : our debt pressed heavily upon us ; we 



44 

found it difficult to eke out our deficient salaries ; and though 
our numbers slowly increased, the College seemed to my de- 
jected spirits to be sinking deeper and deeper into the mire, 
and I become at length entirely satisfied that Providence did 
not at least intend to make use of my instrumentality to bring 
it relief. Oh how little did I suspect how near that relief 
was, and how simply and easily God would alter the whole 
aspect of things ! Indeed, when the change came, it seemed 
to me as obviously His work, as if I had seen the sun and moon 
stand still, or the dead start out of their graves : and it ap- 
peared as absurd for me to boast of my agency in the work, 
as for the wires of the telegraph to feel proud because elec- 
tricity was conveying great thoughts through them. Oh no ; 
let the glory of this change be now and ever ascribed to a 
special divine Providence. 

In the discouraging circumstances in which I was then 
placed, as already described, I came to the conclusion that 1/ 
must resign my place. Yet I felt apprehensive that in the 
condition of our funds, no one worthy the place would feel 
justified in assuming it, with no certain means of support. I 
therefore determined to make an effort to get a professorship 
endowed. And where was it more natural for me to look, 
than to one who only a short time before had cheered us by 
the endowment of a professorship ; and who, I trust, will 
pardon me for detailing a few items of private history, not so 
much because they illustrate his liberality, as because they 
show still more the Divine Interposition and Beneficence. 

It had become so common a remark among the officers of 
Amherst College, that if any respectable friend should give us 
fifty thousand dollars, we should attach his name to it, that I 
felt sure it would be done ; and I recollected too the last 
words of Professor Fiske, when he left us: "Amherst Col- 
lege will be relieved ; Mr. Williston I think will give it fifty 
thousand dollars, and you will put his name upon it." I felt 
justified, therefore, in saying to him, that if his circumstances 
would allow him to come to our aid in this exigency, by 
founding another professorship, I did not doubt that such a 



45 

result would follow. He gave me to understand that in his 
will a professorship was already endowed, and that he would 
make it available at once, if greatly needed. Nay he offered 
to endow the half of another professorship, provided some 
one else would add the other half. But as to attaching his 
name to the College, he felt unwilling that I should attempt 
to fulfil that promise, certainly during his life. Be it so ; but 
how can I avoid bearing my solemn testimony to the obliga- 
tions that will rest upon those who come after , me, to fulfil 
my promise at the proper time, if they would escape the curse 
that follows ingratitude and forfeited faith. 

The .half professorship thus offered was soon made a whole 
one by Samuel A. Hitchcock, Esq., of Brimfield. And 
what a load did these benefactions take from my mind ! For 
several, years each returning Commencement had seemed to 
me more like a funeral than a joyful anniversary : for I saw 
not how the downward progress of the College was to be 
arrested. But now with the addition of thirty thousand dol- 
lars to our funds, I began to hope that we might be saved. 
Yet the kindness of Providence had other developments in 
store for us. 

These events occurred in the winter of 1846, while the 
Legislature of Massachusetts were in session. We had often 
appealed to them unsuccessfully for help ; and I feared that 
when the generous benefactions of individuals should be 
made public, we should seek in vain from that quarter for 
the aid which in justice should be given us. I therefore 
requested permission of the Trustees by letter to make one 
more application to the Government. They allowed me to 
do ft, and the result was a donation from the State of twenty- 
five thousand dollars. The passage of the Resolve met with 
less opposition than on former occasions. Perhaps the fol- 
lowing incident, communicated to me by a member of the 
Legislature, may appear to the Christian to be connected 
with this fact. 

The Bill for aiding Amherst College came up on Saturday, 
and met with strong and able opposition, so that its friends 



46 

trembled for its fate. On Saturday evening a few members 
of that body were in the habit of meeting for prayer. That 
evening the bill for aiding the College formed the burthen of 
conversation and of supplication, and each one agreed to 
make it the subject of private prayer-on the Sabbath. Mon- 
day came ; the bill was read; but to the amazement of these 
praying men, opposition had almost disappeared, and with a 
few remarks it was passed. How could they, how can we, 
avoid the conviction that prayer was the grand agency that 
smoothed the troubled waters and gave the College the vic- 
tory after so many years of bitter opposition and defeat ! 

In 1846, also. Prof. Shepard offered to deposit in the Col- 
lege his splendid collection of minerals, meteorites, fossils, 
and animals, provided a fire-proof building were erected for 
its reception. Conscious that such an offer ought not to be 
neglected, I made the effort to obtain the requisite funds. 
But I should probably have failed, had not the Hon. Josiah 
B. Woods come to my aid. By his judicious plans and per- 
severing personal efforts, nine thousand dollars were ere long 
secured ; enough to erect not merely a mineralogical but a 
geological cabinet, and an astronomical observatory. There 
seemed, indeed, but a faint prospect that the latter, when if 
was erected, would be supplied with but a few of the requi- 
site instruments. Yet at the time of the dedication of the 
building, in 1848, I remarked that " we ^should be very faith- 
less and ungrateful to doubt that the same Providence, which 
has done so much for us the past year, will send us a fitting 
telescope, if it be best for us to have one ; and send it too 
just at the right time." This prediction, through the liberal- 
ity of the Hon. Rufus Bullock, has been fulfilled ; and a no- 
ble telescope has just been placed in yonder dome, which j 
through the great skill and indefatigable industry of Alvan 
Clark, Esq., who has constructed it, is one of the finest in- 
struments of its size that ever graced an observatory ; and its 
mounting has some important improvements never before 
introduced. In the hands of Mr. Clark, it has^ already intro- 
duced to the astronomic world two new double stars, never 



47 

before recognized ; one of which is probably binary. This 
discovery has already been confirmed and acknowledged by 
one of the most accomplished observers in Great Britain. 
May we not hope that this glass will perform another service 
for science, by stirring up some generous heart to endow a 
professorship of astronomy in our college at no distant day. 
This certainly is at present one of the most pressing wants of 
the Institution. It is not creditable that the noblest of the 
sciences should be bandied about like an intruder, and be 
scarcely recognized in our catalogue. 

When we erected the new cabinet we had no idea that 
such an influx of specimens awaited us, so that thus soon all 
our museum rooms are crying out, '' the place is too strait for 
us." In 1847, Prof. Adams presented the College with his 
rich collections in zoology, which, before his death, he had 
more than doubled ; so that Prof. Agassiz says of it, "I do 
not know in the whole country a conchological collection of 
equal scientific value ;" and Dr. Gould says, that '' as a scien- 
tific collection it is not equalled in some respects by any other 
collection in the world." Yet this fine collection is spread into 
three apartments, and is imminently exposed to fire. To se- 
cure a new building to receive it, with the still more exposed 
collection of fossil footmarks, has been long with me an object 
of strong desire and eftort ; and it is among the deepest of 
my regrets on leaving the Presidency, that it remains unac- 
complished. , 

Thus had I written only a few days ago, and thus had I ex- 
pected to leave this subject to-day. But kind Providence has 
ordered otherwise. Last evening, a letter was received, an- 
nouncing the gratifying intelligence that the Trustees under 
the will of the late Hon. Samuel Appleton of Boston, had ap- 
propriated only ten days ago, ten thousand dollars of the sum 
left by him for scientific and benevolent- purposes, to the 
erection of another cabinet, — the Apphton Zoological Cabi- 
net, by the side of the Woods Cabinet, on yonder hill. The 
Trustees have accepted the noble gift, and will proceed at 
once to rear an edifice on a commanding site, that will bear to 



48 

remotest posterity, the name of Appleton ; — a name already 
familiar in the annals of science and benevolence. 

But to return to the history of the College. 

It was in 1847, likewise, that Hon. David Sears added 
twelve thousand dollars to the ten thousand previously giv- 
en to constitue the '' Sears Foundation of Literature and 
Benevolence ;^' a bequest which will at a future day, form a 
source of income to the College surpassed by no other funds. 

Thus in little more than a year, did the College come into 
possession of funds and buildings to the amount of eighty 
thousand dollars ; and of collections, whose value is but poor- 
ly expressed by money. Our debts were cancelled, and avail- 
able funds enough left to enable us to go on with economy 
from year to year, and with increased means of instruction. 
The incubus that had so long rested upon us, was removed ; 
the cord that had well nigh throttled us, was cut asunder, 
and the depletion of our life-blood was arrested. Those only 
who have passed through such ^ season of discouragement and 
weakness, can realize with what gratitude to God and our 
benefactors we went on with our work. It seemed to us, and 
does still, h special act of Divine Influence, and not the result 
of our wisdom or effort. We could not otherwise account for it, 
that the hearts of so many generous friends should have been 
simultaneously opened to help us, when again and again we 
had sought the same aid in vain. 

Under such circumstances, as w^e might expect, our num- 
bers have gone on increasing, until I am now able to say, that 
it is double what it was when I assumed the Presidency. But 
numbers merely, however large, do not prove that the Insti- 
tution has accomplished the noble objects proposed by its 
founders. These objects were distinctly stated by them to be, 
first, to " found an Institution upon the broad principles of 
charity and benevolence, for the instruction of youth in all 
the branches of literature and science usually taught in col- 
leges ;" and secondly, to raise a fund, of at least fifty thous- 
and dollars, " for the classical or academic and collegiate ed- 
ucation of indigent young men of promising talents and hope- 



49 

ful piety, who may desire such an education, with the sole 
view to the christian ministry." See now the results up to 
this period. 

In his valedictory Address, delivered in April, 1845, Dr. 
Humphrey stated that the College had then enjoyed seven 
marked revivals of religion: viz., in 1823, 1827, 1828, 1831, 
1835, 1839, and 1842. To this list I am now able to add 
three others ; in 1846, 1850 and 1853. This is one for every 
three years and a third ; and the interval has never exceeded 
four years. So that it is still true, as Dr. Humphrey stated 
when he left, that no class has ever graduated here that had 
not passed through a revival. It might also be stated that 
besides the ten prominent revivals above named, many other 
seasons of special interest have been enjoyed by the church, 
in each of which some souls have been hopefully converted ; 
but these were not dignified by the name of revival. In those 
thus designated, the average number of converts has been 
from twenty to thirty ; and according to the laborious investi- 
gations of Professor Tyler, not less than two hundred and 
fifty, probably three hundred, of the members of College have 
obtained the Christian hope while resident here : that is, one- 
sixth or one-seventh of all who have been connected with the 
Institution ; the whole number upon our books being two 
thousand and five. 

In all these ten revivals, excepting the first under Dr. 
Moore, it has been my privilege to be present and to partici- 
pate in the labors connected with their progress ; and even at 
the close of the first, I preached a sermon at the conclusion 
of the term. Did time permit, I should be glad to detail 
some of the scenes of deep interest developed by the opera- 
tions of Divine Grace. For I had opportunity to witness the 
struggles between grace and nature, and the final triumph of 
the former, in the heart of many who have since become emi- 
nent as ministers and missionaries. How instructive was it, 
for example, to witness the steady and strong opposition of 
heart in the missionary martyr, Lyman ; till, arrested by the 
spirit of God, he showed a like steady opposition to personal 



50 

submission to the claims of God, until subdued at length the 
whole current of his soul turned into the right channel, and 
the man seemed not only morally changed, but his intellect 
also apparently doubled in power, and he went as steadily at 
work for God as he had done against him, until he took the 
martyr's crown. 

There was one scene of a very peculiar character, which I 
always supposed was decidedly instrumental in bringing on one 
of these revivals, that I ought, perhaps, to rescue from obliv- 
ion. Every one conversant with seasons of special religious 
interest, knows that often it seems long uncertain what will 
be the result of an awakened state of feeling in respect to 
spiritual things, until, at length, some slight circumstance 
turns the scale one way or the other. In 1835, when I acted 
as the locum tenens of Dr. Humphrey, who was absent in Eu- 
rope, we were in this state of awakened interest and anxious 
expectation. The non-professors of religion, in college, actua- 
ted I know not by what motives, had invited Mr. Burgess, then 
tutor and now missionary in India, to conduct a weekly relig- 
ious meeting for them alone. He occasionally invited other 
members of the Faculty to assist him at these meetings. I was 
making some remarks at one of them, when suddenly a train 
of gunpowder, laid all around the room, and which must have 
contained some pounds, exploded, filling the upper part of 
the room with smoke too dense to breathe in. Perhaps it 
was providential that one was conducting the meeting who 
had for nearly ten years been familiar with all sorts of de- 
tonations in a chemical laboratory, and who was not there- 
fore, greatly disturbed by this new example. Recollecting 
that the opposite room, now the Zoological Cabinet, where 
I was daily lecturing, was filled up with seats, I invited my 
auditors to repair thither, and we finished the meeting, which, 
as may well be imagined, became at its close, intensely sol- 
emn. It was the decisive blow that ushered in the revival, 
although intended to put it down, by Satan, its instigator. I 
well recollect that at the time of the occurrence, I felt almost 



51 



sure that a revival would follow such unwise over-acting on 
his part. 

But to return from this digression ; we have seen that the 
leading object with the founders and patrons of this College, 
has been to raise up ministers and missionaries. The follow- 
ing table, showing what proportion of the graduates of most 
of our northern Colleges have entered the ministry, will ex- 
hibit the standing among them, of Amherst, in this respect, up 
to the year 1852. 

In Amherst College, one in 2.19 of its graduates had enter- 
ed the ministry. 



In Middlebury, one in 

In Vermont University, one in 

In Williams College, one in 

In Hamilton, one in 

In Yale and Brown, one in 

In Dartmouth, one in 

In Harvard, one in 

In Princeton, one in 

In Bowdoin, one in 



2.31 

3.10 

3.13 

3.7 

3.8 

3.9 

4.2 

5.4 

5.6 



The proportion of foreign missionaries in a few of the 
northern Colleges, up to 1852, was as follows : 



Amherst, one in 
Middlebury, one in 
Williams, one in 
Dartmouth, one in 



23.5 

36.3 

40.0 

106.0 



The yearly supply of ministers from several northern Col- 
leges, up to 1852, taking the whole period of their existence 
into the account, has been as follows : 



Amherst, 
Yale, 



15.0 
10.3 



52 



Middlebury, 

Williams, 

Dartmouth, 

Harvard, 

Princeton, 

Brown, 

Vermont University, 



7.8 

1.2- 

7.0 

6.9 

5.3 

5.1 

1.6 



The whole number of our graduates to 1854, has been 
-one thousand and ninety-four ; of whom four hundred and 
seventy-nine have become ministers, and fifty-one foreign 
missionaries. Among the undergraduates there has always 
been a decided majority of professors of religion. The num- 
ber the present year is one hundred and fifty out of two hun- 
dred and thirty-eight, or nearly two-thirds. 

So much for the success of the first grand object of the 
founders of the Institution. A few of those who were the 
fathers of this enterprise, still survive, and some of them are 
present to-day to rejoice in these results ; greater, I fancy, 
than even their strong faith anticipated. Would that such 
men as Moore, and Smith, and Crosby, and Graves, and Dick- 
inson, and Taylor, and Trask, and Billings, and Clark, and 
Hooker, were here also, to listen to the story. But are they 
not present ? Who can doubt that at least they know the 
whole more perfectly even than if in the flesh. 

The second object, as we have seen, of the founders of the 
College, was to provide means for aiding those young men 
who were indigent, yet desirous of an education for the pur- 
pose of preaching the Gospel. Let us see how many have 
availed themselves of this assistance. Perhaps it may be in- 
teresting to state, in the same connection, the numbers at this 
College that have received aid from the American Education 
Society, whose aim is essentially the same as our Charity 
Fund. The following list will show how many for the last 
ten years. 



53 



In 1845 


Education 


Society, 


27 


Charity 


Fund, 


45 


In 1846 




u 




28 


(C 


Cl 


39 


In 1847 




I 




26 


a 


(C 


48 


In 1848 




i 




45 


i( 


ii 


65 


In 1849 




' 




42 


a 


li 


70 


In 1850 




i 




54 


(i 


ii 


79 


In 1851 




i 




56 


(C 


ii 


76 


In 1852 




i 




46 


i( 


ii 


62 


In 1853 




U 




40 


.( 


ii 


53 


In 1854 




il 




58 


a 


ii 


62 



422 



599 



One reason, but I apprehend not the only one, why so many 
more have been aided by our Charity Fund than by the Edu- 
cation Society, is, that the latter is confined to Congregation- 
alists and Presbyterians, whereas the former admits those of 
any evangelical denomination. 

The preceding statements show the wisdom and benevo- 
lence of the founders of the College, in making the Charity 
Fund the basis of their operations. It has met most happily 
the wants of a meritorious class of young men, who, with the 
piety and disposition necessary to do good, lack the pecuniary 
ability. In connection with the aid proffered by the Ameri- 
can Education Society, many a youth has obtained a public 
education who was literally destitute of means. It has already 
sent hundreds into the ministry, through a regular course of 
education, who would otherwise have been obliged to aban- 
don the effort, or have taken some shorter route. This fund, 
moreover, has proved the sheet anchor of the Institution, es- 
pecially during the trying exigency in its pecuniary condition 
which I have described. It was not, however, till a sugges- 
tion of Prof. Fiske led the Trustees to announce in their 
annual catalogue, that the entire regular term bills of all who 
came with proper credentials would be remitted, that the ex- 
istence of the fund became generally known, or a large num- 
ber availed themselves of its aid. True, the income of the 



54 

fund does not always meet the term bills of the beneficiaries. 
But this is no pecuniary loss to the College, while it carries 
out more perfectly than any other plan, the intentions of those 
who procured this fund. Moreover, the time is not distant, 
when its income will more than make up any deficiency that 
may occur. For already it has increased by the addition of 
one-sixth of its income to the principal, to fifty-six thousand 
dollars ; and the Stimpson Fund, estimated at not less than 
fifteen thousand dollars in value, is devoted to the same ob- 
ject, although for the present it produces only two hundred 
dollars annually. So too the legacy of Dr. Moore is to be 
turned into the same channel. It is obvious, therefore, that 
this fund will ere long be so large as to meet, and more than 
meet, all applications. Would that some benevolent gentle- 
man might commence a similar fund for other meritorious 
scholars, who, though not looking to the ministry, neverthe- 
less deserve assistance. Many such I have known to abandon 
College for the want of such aid. 

I know there is a strong prejudice with many respectable 
men against this whole system of charitable aid ; and not a 
few stories are in circulation about the extravagance of many 
who receive it. But I could wish that such had been familiar 
with the desperate struggles, the painful sacrifices, and almost] 
miser-like economy, to which many are obliged to submit ii 
order to w^ork their w^ay through College. But this is a histo- 
ry as yet unwritten, although it has fallen largely under my 
observation, since I have *been connected with this College. 
I will give an example or two, of the expenses and modes of 
meeting them, of a few young men, who are now on their 
way to heathen shores, or about to go, and who received the 
aid of our fund and of the Education Society. These items 
were furnished at my request. 

One of them gives the cost of fitting for College, at East- 
hampton, as follows : 

First year's Board, . . . . . $1^ 
Incidentals, . . . . . . 15 

$29 



/ 



55 



Second year's Board, 
Incidentals, 



Total, . 
for two years. 
Term Bills, 

Total 
Earned during that time. 



Deficiency, . . . . . . . $27 

In College his expenses were as follows : 

Board, four years, . . . . . . $83 

Incidentals, . . . . . . .114 

Travelling expenses, ..... 25 



$21 


13 


$34 


. $63 


. $49 


. $102 


. $75 



Total expenses, ...... $222 

This individual boarded himself most of the time, or joined 
a boarding club ; the expense varying from forty to sixty-sev- 
en cents per week. 

Two other individuals, who came from a distance of three 
hundred miles, give their expenses for each one as follows, for 
two years and one term. 

1 Board, ..... 

I Books and Stationery, 

I Clothing, fuel, lights, etc., . 

\ 

Travelling expenses, . 

Total, .... 

Received from the Ed. Society, 
For personal services. 



• • 


^^56 40 


• • 


50 00 


• • 


68 00 




$174 40 


• • 


60 00 


^ ^ 


$234 40 


$180 


00 


. 55 


00 




{ffi235 00 



56 

Neither of these three individuals was absent from College 
during term time for school keeping, or other purposes. They 
graduated honorably, and with the entire confidence of all ac- 
quainted with them. Their cases may seem of an extreme 
character : but I have found many such, and knowing that 
their education was a leading object for which the Institution 
was founded, I have felt it to be an imperious duty to help 
them through their noble struggle. May this object never be 
lost sight of here : for if, by increasing the expenses of an ed- 
ucation, or withholding any possible aid, such young men are 
driven away, a leading object of the Institution v/ill be de- 
feated. Even school-keeping, with all its evils, had better be 
allowed, than such a perversion of the intentions of its origin- 
ators. I make these remarks, because, as an institution grows 
older, and its means increase, there is always a strong ten- 
dency to render its advantages more expensive. Against 
this tendency I have struggled with all my might, both ,by 
words and example, and my prayer is, that it may always be 
resisted more manfully and more successfully than I have 
done. " 

I hope I may be pardoned for suggesting to those who come 
after me in the management cf this Institution, a caution on 
one or two other points, which experience, some of it very 
bitter, has shown me to be of vital importance. 

I would suggest first, how indispensable it is that a College 
like this, should avoid running in debt. This is more impor- 
tant, in my opinion, for a literary institution than for an indi- 
vidual. Yet the temptation to do it is stronger for the college 
than the private gentleman. When some great improvement 
seems very important, Trustees are apt to feel that some 
wealthy and benevolent individual will be found to assume 
the debt. But it is usually a broken staff to lean upon ; for 
most men of this description are much more inclined to give 
to an institution out of debt, than to one thus burdened. 
Better, in my opinion, to omit all improvements requiring 
money, nay to reduce the corps of instructors one-half, than 
to make drafts upon the treasury which cannot be honored 



b7 

without borrowing. Happy and safe is that institution, whose 
treasurer is pecuharly sensitive on this point, and who is not 
satisfied merely to be free from debt, but who is anxious to 
have on hand at least a small reserve fund for unlooked-for 
losses and exigencies. Let Amherst College never forget the 
bitter experience on this subject which her past history dis- 
closes. 

But a point of still higher importance relates to her religious 
interests. We have seen that amid all the reverses in the 
outward condition of the College, there has been great uni- 
formity in its general religious character. Adversity has 
served rather to make us feel our dependence upon God, and 
spiritual blessings have come down upon us in richer abun- 
dance in our days of darkness. But with increasing outward 
prosperity comes a strong temptation to trust in ourselves, and 
depart from Him. Indeed, it requires but a small measure of 
worldly success to ruin an individual, or an institution ; as the 
whole history of the world loudly proclaims. Already on this 
point, I am jealous over this Institution with godly jealousy. 
But oh, the unspeakable importance of keeping the standard 
of piety high in such a spot. Let revivals cease here, let a 
sordid and formal piety prevail, let error become triumphant, 
and w^orse than frustrated will be the aims and the efforts of 
those who have here labored and prayed to connect pure re- 
ligion w^ith sound learning. 

But I must leave this highest of all the interests of the Col- 
lege, and indeed all its interests, in the hands of God. From 
this hour I cease to preside over its concerns, and take a much 
humbler sphere. I thank God that He has allowed me to 
labor so long and to see so much of his special mercy here. 
I can say with Richard Baxter, that I have now lived forty 
years beyond the time wiien I w^ould gladly have accepted of 
Hezekiah's lease of fifteen. And these years, when I have 
lived as it were upon trespass, have been the most important 
of my life. True, they have been years of hard labor, and 
some of them so full of cares and responsibilities, that often 
the weary and anxious day has been succeeded by the sleep- 



58 

less night. And though a constitution seemingly broken down 
thirty years ago, past recuperation, has held out far beyond 
all reasonable expectation, yet for several years, I have felt 
.unable to do any thing like justice to the duties of the Presi- 
dency ; and therefore I have asked, and at length obtained, a 
release. But it is not, as the newspapers have announced, 
that I might retire upon an ample income, and spend the res- 
idue of life without labor. I withdraw, because I have long 
been satisfied that the good of the College imperiously de- 
mands that its presidential duties should pass into younger and 
ngiore vigorous hands. But it is my wish and intention to la- 
bor, here or elsewhere, as shall please Providence, to the full 
extent which my constitution w^ill bear, and to the end of life. 
iSiay, I am under the necessity of laboring in whatever way I 
can, to obtain the means of living, and to meet the claims of 
benevolence. To accumulate property has not been the object 
of any part of my life. And whatever pecuniary means I pos- 
:Sess, have been the incidental effect of God's blessing upon 
rigid economy, industry, and plain living. But they are in- 
sufficient for the comfortable support of myself and family in 
old age. Yet, on this subject I feel no special anxiety. I 
have seen too much of God's providential kindness in times 
past, to doubt its continuance to the end, if I do my duty. It 
would, indeed, be folly in me to expect to accomplish much 
more, either for others or myself; or to anticipate a serene 
and quiet old age. It is for those with ample means and un- 
impaired constitutions to hope for such a close to the day of 
life. But one, who, like myself, has sustained a forty years' 
jcontest with disordered nerves, and who, as he looks back, 
can see lopt-olT fragments of himself, strewed over the wide 
battle-field, such a one ought to know that these complaints 
usually gain a complete mastery in advanced life, and make 
existence a burden. No, no, though God may be better to 
me than my fears anticipate, yet, at the age of threescore and 
one, and with such a constitution, it is not for me to calculate 
upon much more of enjoyment in this world. But I do sigh 
for more of time and leisure, to get ready for the employ- 



59 

ments and enjoyments of a higher state of being. I have 
now reached what Dr. Chalmers calls the sabbath of life, and 
it is meet that I should lay aside some of the engrossing cares 
and labors of the week, and find leisure for comtemplations 
and actions more appropriate to life's closing scenes. 

Under these circumstances, how peculiarly gratifying it is, 
as I leave my post, to find one ready to assume it, in whose 
Christian character, learning, ministerial ability, and correct 
judgment, not only myself, but the Trustees, the Faculty, and 
the public, have entire confidence. I turn, therefore, to you, 
my beloved brother, and by the direction of the Trustees, and 
with the simple act of presenting you with the keys and the 
seal of the Institution, delivered to me by my predecessor, I 
induct you into the Presidency of Amherst College. Simple 
though this ceremony be, our hearts are in it. These vener- 
ated Trustees, whose unanimous invitation you have accepted, 
cordially welcome you to this new and important field of labor. 
And so do my respected colleagues, whose unanimous wish 
you have gratified by your acceptance of the office. I can 
assure you, also, of a hearty welcome from the two hundred 
and thirty young men before you, w^ho wait the moulding in- 
fluence of your instruction. Nor ought I to forget to extend 
a welcome to you, from the citizens of this place, whose good 
wishes and kind offices have always been enjoyed by the Col- 
lege, and are so important to its welfare. We know, indeed, 
that the post you assume to-day, is one of no ordinary care 
and resonsibility. But I hardly know of the station where 
fidelity is so soon and so liberally rewarded, and where a man 
can do more for the glory of God and the welfare of the 
world. The material you have to work upon here, is of the 
choicest kind. The parents of these their sons, use no exag- 
gerated language when they say to you, these are our jewels. 
For when cut and polished, you will find them almost without 
exception, gems worthy to take a place in the crown of your 
country and your Redeemer. Now and then, indeed, one 
will appear in such a community, so coarse by nature, and so 
debai?ed by low aims, appetites, and passions, that no human 



60 

skill can convert him into a scholar or a gentleman. But 
in the character of almost all who come hither to drink at the 
Castalian fount, you will find a solid foundation of talent, cor* 
rect moral principle, and correct habits ; and in their bosoms, 
aspirations and aims of the noblest character, to which you 
need not fear to appeal in support of any worthy cause. At 
least, so have I found it with nearly all of the two thousand 
with whom I have been connected here. And it is but justice, 
not flattery, to say, that were I in search of a forlorn hope^ 
either for the defence of my own life and interests, or the 
cause of learning, of liberty, of temperance, or of religion, I 
know not where I should look with so much confidence for 
efficient volunteers, as to the present members of x\mherst 
College. I trust. Sir, that it will need no very protracted 
experience to satisfy you that this encomium is deserved. 
May God give you eminent success in carrying forward this 
noble enterprise of linking together by indissoluble bondsj 
and identifying learning and religion. May the future of this 
College show that it has done more in this blessed work, than 
the most sanguine expectations and the strongest faith of its 
founders and patrons ever anticipated. 



LATIN OEATION. 



BY 



HASKET DERBY, 

of the Senior Class. 



K A T I 0. 



More antiqao et venerabili, ad ritum augustum conficien* 
dum, ad munus grave fangendum, in concionem hodie conve- 
nimus. Ter in spatio triginta volventium annorum ad cura- 
tionem amplam a curatoribus honoratis vocatus est novus 
Praese's, ter magistratus vestibus indutus solemnitate conveni- 
ente inductus est, terque novo officio constitutus auditorum 
amicorumque voces assentientes et Isetas salutationes audivit. 
Quartum hodierno die, recentem principem in hujus institu- 
tionis senatum academicum. cum honoribus nuper additis 
introducere est nostrum, ac praeceptorem magistrumque novi 
discipulorum ordinis, novas congregationis sacerdotem patrem- 
que salutare. Hodie quoque ilium virum doctum et honoran- 
dum, qui huic CoUegio tarn longe praefuit, laboribus oneribus- 
que suis liberare, nostrum munus triste est ; quem alteri sel- 
1am concedere et in officium modestius decore recedere mox 
videbimus. Itaque illi moeste valedicimus, dum successorem, 
tanquam patrem nostrum amicumque novum, laetissime salvere 
jubemus. 

Ad conficiendos hos ritus, ad fungenda haec munera, quam 
dignus conventus praesens ! Hue permulti alumni, quos ma- 
ter sua colere semper gavisa est, convenerunt ; viri summa 
doctrina insignes, liberalissimis studiis ornati, elegantia per- 
polita et ingenio preestantes. Hie sunt qui eruditione pariter 
copiosa potiti, et a cultu pariter consummata, alius sub alia 

* This oration was prepared in haste with only a fortnight's notice, and has 
never been seen by the head of the department. 



64 

Alma Matre instituti fuerint. Hie inulta religionis lumina 
sunt, quorum praecepta illuminent, et exempla animas homi- 
num stimulent. Hie etiam benefieorum venerabiliumque illo- 
rum pauci sunt, quorum nomina huie institutioni tarn longe 
sunt conjuneta, ac fama in hominum memoria manebit, dum 
hsee sapientise sedes durabit. Pulehritudo quoque banc au- 
1am decorat, et preesentia assensuque suo illustrat. Si hie 
literse apte exhibeantur, quanto magis artes elegantes, cum 
tam multas formas imaginesque mirandas circumspiciamus. 
Quid spectaculum jucundius, quis conventus auspicatior, quae 
occasio praesenti faustior esse potest ? Juvenes et virgines, 
senes et matronas, alumnos et patronos, doctos et sacros, om- 
nes salvere jubemus ! 

Cur de dignitate officii hodie relinquendi iterumque occu- 
pandi copiose loqueremur ? Nonne est regni latissimi provin- 
cisB administratio ? Quid enim nisi provincia in literarum 
imperio collegium est ? Cujus in finibus ii fontes sunt, quo- 
rum aquae terram aridam reficiant. Saecula praeterita cum 
prffisentibus temporibus conjungit. In aulis ejus aevorum rev- 
olutorum fructus conduntur. Hie, quasi in fano, sanctorum 
reliquite, vera efficacia abundantes sed fraudis fallaciaeque ex- 
pertes, quiescunt. Hie lucernae fulgent, quibus Poetae Ora- 
toresque flammas accendunt. Hie Philosophia oculis acerri- 
mis praedita sedet discipulosque docet, et Historia mundi an- 
nalia narrat. 

Sed de Collegio nostro nunc dicamus. Pietatis et utilitatis 
in solo satum, benevolentiaeque regiae roribus invigoratum, in 
robur majestatemque accretum est. Auctorum suorum animo 
afflatum, veritatis consectatione atque scientiae studio, paucos 
semulatores, pauciores superiores liabet. Dicere de filiis, in 
Ecclesia, in Civitate, in Literis insignibus, doctrina tam pro- 
batis, eloquentia tam praeclaris, utilitate tam benignis nihil 
opus est. Hand mirandum est Almam Matrem exclamare 
'' haec meorum praeceptorum certissima sunt pignora, haec gem- 
mae splendidissimae quae frontem meam decorent!" Onosfor- 
tunatos qui Collegii talis socii sint, hodie fortunatiores qui duo 
patres priores aspectemus et illis gratulemur, dum parentem 



65 

jiiovum salutamus, atque earn vcncrationcm quam filios decet 
adhibeamus. 

Te igitur, vir vencraiidc, qui hiiic institutioni plus vigiiiti 
aiinos tarn sapionter attentequc pripfuisti, primum salvere 
jubemus. Sexceiiti filii tui enuinerentur, hi circum caiia tem- 
pora tua corona nitcus sunt, hos ad locum liodie redientes in 
quo educati fueiunt, imprimis gratias tibi agere magnopere 
delectat. Sub te bcati crant olim, nunc in illis beatus es. 
, Nee harum salutationum in medio, in hac novi principis 
gratulatione, ejus adhuc ducis et amici nostri obliviscamur, 
qui ex insigniori administrationc, ad hiimilius sed honestum 
officium nunc recedit. Tibi prsecipue gratias agimus et tibi 
valedicimus, sed tantum ut Prsesidi, non ut prseceptori. Nos 
delectat Collegium nostrum adhuc te detinere, atque te, sci- 
entiae lumen, illius orbem decorare et illustrare, dum orbem 
terrarum illuminas. Nos quoque jurat eadem idonea studia 
quee juventuti placuerint, ac maturius anum honoraverint, 
senectutis tusc et solatium et gloriam futura esse. 

Postremo. Gratum nobis munus est, te novum pra^ceptorem 
salutare. Humanitas, elegantia, eruditio, collegii et progenies 
et decus sunt : quam convenientes et accepta?, cum Prsesidis 
jn persona omnes conjunctae sint. Prsestans, sicut semper 
fuis'ti, recta scriptorum Classicorum restimatione, a purissimis 
Grajcis et Romanis fontibus opiniones sententiasque tuas ex- 
promens, quorum doctrinse peritus, quorum ingenii consultus 
es, hodie munia suscepisti, qua) menti et elegantia? doctae 
spatium pra3bebunt, simul ac ab iisdem ornabuntur. Hacte- 
nus vero ecclesia^ pastor fuisti, sed exinde non modo pastor, 
sed etiam philosophia) prseceptor et collegii Praises eris. Felix 
probatusque hactenus, posthac sis probatior feliciorque ! Ex- 
inde non solum cor purgare animamque sanctam facere, sed 
etiam intellectum colore et confirmare, stultitiam punirc, dili- 
gentiam ornare, opus erit. Quam illustris labor ! Quam grave 
munus ! Sed non academicarum rerum es inexpertus. Nam 
TJniversilatis antiqute et venerabihs sub umbra semper vixisti, 

atque ejusdem curator inspectorque fuisti. 

5 



66 

"Laetiis intersis populo Quirini, 
Neve te nostris vitiis iniquum 

Ocior aura 
ToUat. Hie magnos potius triumphos, 
Hie ames dici Pater atque Princeps." 

Tuis manibus banc curationem tradimus. Accipe, sacrum 
est pignus ; accipe, favente Deo. Observantia, affectio, honos, 
et gratiae immensss debitum sempiternum, in hac terra fideli- 
tatis pra3mium erit, ac superrie aurea corona Sanctis sedibus in 
saecula saeculorum. 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS 



BY f 



Rev. WILLIAM A, STEARNS, 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS 



Honored Guardians and Instructors of Amherst College : 
Young Gentlemen enjoying its means of Improvement : Rev- 
erend and Honored of the Alumni : Distinguished Guests and 
Friends : accept the kindly Salutations which belong to the 
occasion. 

Next to the creation of man, his elevation seems to be the 
greatest vv^ork of God. When he made the world, he adapt- 
ed means, in its construction, to human improvement. His- 
tory lay before him, with its long succession of centuries, like 
an extended map, on which every coming scene, action, event, 
whether great or insignificant, had its appropriate place. The 
differing features of the earth's surface — its elevations and 
depressions, its seas and commercial inlets and its rivers, were 
to be more or less directly the educators of man. Nor is there 
extravagance in the supposition, since the providence of God 
extends to all things, that a seat of learning on this spot, was 
among his purposes when he lifted up the mountains round 
about us, reared this classic mound in the midst of them and 
threw upon the scene those variegated beauties which excite 
the admiration of every cultivated mind. 

If such was his design, in the fulness of time, it began to 
be accomplished. Not many miles from the spot where great 
Edwards preached and prayed, and the self-sacrificing Brain- 
erd sleeps, a collegiate institution has sprung into being, and 
in an incredibly short period, has achieved an importance 
which brings it into honorable comparison with the oldest 
colleges of the land. 



70 

Amherst College has had the good fortune to enjoy the 
confidence and benefactions of a constituency spread over a 
large surrounding region, and to win the regard of many wise 
and discerning minds in different sections of the country. It 
has had, it has, noble patrons whose generosity will be held 
in everlasting remembrance. I will not raise a deeper blush 
of modesty on the cheek of the present and the living — but 
the absent and the dead, will impute no blame, if I congratu- 
late you on the generous bequest this day announced. Com- 
ing as it does from the assets of an American nobleman — one 
of a family well known both at home and in our national 
halls — and known to have hearts as large as their purses — 
apportioned to us as it was by the enlightened and liberal 
men whom the deceased had selected as the almoners of his 
bounty — it shows something of the estimate which the mer- 
' chant princes of New England place on our higher schools of 
Education. 

This college is eminently a religious, as well as scientific 
rand literary institution. It was founded by men who felt 
from the bottom of their souls, that the old puritan motto of 
Harvard, Christo et ecclesise, ought to be and should be real- 
ized in our graduates, to the highest degree. It has secured 
to its headship a series of presiding officers whose names are 
extensively honored in Church and community. Moore, under 
whose auspices it struggled into being, " ripe in scholarship, 
rich in experience," greatly confided in and beloved, was too 
early removed by death. As when some large and graceful 
elm is suddenly felled, and the cottage beneath its shades is 
left naked to the weather, so died the first President, leaving 
the institution unsheltered from those scorching suns of re- 
proach, to which its early childhood was exposed. Humphrey, 
who, " in the freshness and anguish of the most sacred ties 
just severed," was called to fill up the breach, still lingers 
among us, venerable in wisdom and years, every where loved 
and every where honored, especially by that host of scholars 
now in active life, who in their successive collegiate courses 
enjoyed the benefits of his guiding hand, and every one of 



71 

whom seems to be saying, " Let us rise up before the hoary 
head and honor the face of the old man.'* For the last de- 
cade of years and more, it has flourished under the paternal 
councils of a gentleman who has shone here and across the 
waters, as one of the brightest ornaments of science, and 
whose modest worth, solid as the foundations of rock which 
he has loved to explore, is known and appreciated by every 
body except himself. 

It has now fallen into the hands of one who conies at your 
call, with sensibilities bleeding, even amidst the pleasures of 
the day, from the rupture of those cords of friendship which 
sometimes bind the soul of a pastor to a generous people, with 
the strongest bonds of earth. He comes to accept responsi- 
bilities which the shoulders of a Hercules were neither strong 
enough nor broad enough to bear. He comes with few con- 
scious qualifications, beyond an earnest purpose to devote 
whatever powers he may possess or acquire to the promotion 
of the true glory of this Institution. 

If I can have not only the sympathy and cooperation, but 
the prayers — more powerful than a host — of the christian 
friends of the college, possibly, through what Milton calls 
" the might of weakness," I may not wholly disappoint your 
expectations. 

Not an alumnus of the institution to which your liberality 
has invited me, but coming as I do from a college of some- 
what different prestige and affinities, I deeply feel that I shall 
need friendly constructions of my acts and efforts. While I 
can never renounce nor denounce my dear old mother, the 
foster-child of such men as Shepherd and Winthrop and John 
Harvard, the school in which my father and my ancestors 
were educated, and the Alma Mater of many of the literary 
magnates of the land, I can receive Amherst College to the 
welcome of a warm and appreciating heart and ask to be ac- 
cepted as a true son, though by adoption. 

Few persons can have a higher appreciation of the impor- 
tance of this College than myself. Its history, the religious 
designs of its founders, the faith as well as generosity of its 



patrons, the ministry it has reared, the prayers of the churches 
which sustain it, the reasonable prospects of its rising great- 
ness and utiUty, entitle it to the highest consideration. Its 
capabilities are not yet fully developed, nor is its present 
strength generally known. I look upon it as a young lion, 
born at the foot of Holyoke and Tom, couching here in shel- 
tered seclusion, in the centre of the Commonwealth, acquiring 
muscle and brawn and power, and destined to make its voice 
heard throughout the land. 

The custom of these occasions requires that I address you 
on some subject connected with the ends for which our colle- 
giate institutions are founded. What are those ends ? or 
rather what should they be ? In other words, what is the 
proper nature and design of education ? and how is this dc- 
sign to be promoted by the discipline of a College ? 

To educate is literally to conduct forth, or more generally 
to develop and train. In an acorn is an embryo tree, with a 
multitude of tiny roots, branches and leaves. Under appro- 
priate circumstances, it will germinate, expand, grow and be- 
come an oak. The work of preserving, cultivating, pruning, 
training, and securing the most perfect product, is the educa- 
ting of it. A thousand nuts fell from the same limb. Many 
of them perished and many more produced only unsightly 
shrubs. The difference among them, is, to a great extent, the 
result of the different influences to which they have been sub- 
jected. Apply the illustration. Education, in respect to the 
human species, is that w^atching over, cultivating, training, 
educing and forming the growing man which makes his matu» 
rity soundest, best proportioned and best fitted for usefulness, 
instead of something inferior, pernicious, or good for nothing. 

The end or aim of education is indicated in the last sen- 
tence. It is to produce in the person educated, the highest 
style of man. Or, if this be impossible, then the nearest 
approach thereto, of which the individual is, or can be made, 
capable. It is not primarily to produce greatness in partial 
directions, great mathematicians, great philologists, great phi- 



73 

losophers, but, in the best sense of the term, great men — men 
symmetrically and powerfully developed — coming up to the 
highest perfection of their being, and capable of achieving 
whatever is possible to human nature, in any department of 
effort to which they may apply themselves. 

Education, therefore, may be contemplated in the first place 
physically. It involves the developing and energizing, at least, 
the protecting of the physical system. 

We cannot expect that all men will be like the first pair in 
paradise, 

of noble shape, erect and tall, 



Godlike erect, with native honor clad. 

But we can expect a much higher measure of physical per- 
fection than is ordinarily attained. Much depends upon it. 
Duty demands attention to it. 

Bodily disarrangement is not only an occasion of suffering, 
but often of moral perversity and intellectual inferiority. It 
clouds and clogs the understanding, sometimes dethrones the 
reason. When the mind is not wrecked, it is enfeebled by it. 
Great undertakings are prevented, and ordinary affairs inade- 
quately performed. Bodily disorder perverts the judgment. 
We cannot justly weigh and balance considerations under the 
influence of it, and form safe conclusions. It is a prolific 
source of moral evil. It induces restlessness, stimulates bad 
passions and prompts to vicious indulgences. A morbid ap- 
petite for intoxicating drinks, and for hurtful narcotics is often 
occasioned by it. From the same source, springs much envy, 
spleen and misanthropy. He who intelligently offers the 
prayer '' lead us not into temptation " will pay attention to 
his bodily condition ; for it requires less effort to be a good 
man with a sound body, than with a system imperfectly or- 
ganized or disordered. 

Good taste teaches the same doctrine. We admire most 
that which approaches nearest its own perfection. This is 
true in horticulture, in agriculture, in ornithology, and in the 
treatment of domestic animals. But many a man wlio would 



74 

spend hours every day in tending and grooming a favorite 
racer will abandon his children, except in actual sickness, to 
almost total nesrlect. 

Anciently it was not so. Th^ palaestra, the gymnasium, 
the chase, the exercises of the camp, though intended for the 
increase of military efficiency, promoted physical strength. 
The ancient ideals of perfect commonwealths have given promi- 
nence to the subject of corporeal vigor, in their systems of 
education. In the middle ages too, hunting, war, the spirit 
of chivalry, secured both among the nobilit}' and the masses, 
a superior physical development. But in our country there in 
reason to fear, that, in this respect, we are deteriorating. 
Partial deformity, the languid step, stooping shoulders, cadav- 
erous countenances, are too common. Among students, ha> 
not death held his terrible revels in our dav, to an extent 
never before realized ? Our halls of justice, and still more 
our pulpits are thronged with invalids. 

Physical education is not the leading business of College 
life, though were I able, like Alfred or Charlemagne, to plan 
an educational system anew, I would seriously consider the 
expediency of introducing regular drills in gymnastic and cal- 
isthenic exercises. If agricultural and mechanical operations^, 
and even martial movements could be added without injury to 
scholarship, so much the better. At all events, I would take 
measures for imparting hardihood, and the proper use of the 
muscular energies. But without innovation, something can 
be done in this direction. The general laws of health can be 
imparted and some of them insisted on. It can be shown to 
the scholar that it is not often intellectual exertion, even 
though intense, that digs the premature graves of students. 
It is neglect. It is imprudences. It is irregularities. It is 
sinful indulgences. It is violence, perhaps in many cases in- 
nocently committed, against the laws of the constitution. 
Though a morbid contemplation of symptoms should be 
avoided, and something of the "rough and tumble" of life 
welcomed, at the same time, there must be a proper and 
timely allowance of sleep, abstinence from alcoholic and nar- 



iO 



cotic excesses, moderation in food, temperance in all things, 
and that peace of mind which a consciousness of duty well 
performed and faith in God imparts. 

Perhaps I am dwelling too long on this topic. But of one 
thing I am certain ; the highest intellectual efficiency can 
never be reached, the noblest characters will never be formed, 
till a greater soundness of physical constitution is attained. 

Welcome to the more immediate business of College life. 
when we say that intellectual culture is essential to the high- 
est style of mind. 

In comparison with the great absolute reason, we sink into 
insignificance, but regarding the mere animal in contrast with 
the rational, the human mind is above estimate. But valua- 
ble as mind is, when untutored, dormant, it seems of an 
almost infinitely inferior order to that of a cultivated mind. 
Think of the miserable Bushman scarce one degree, in ap- 
])earance, above the orang-outang, and then think of Aris- 
totle, of Plato, of Euclid, of Paul, of Leibnitz, of Jonathan 
Edwards, of Washington, — and the educated mind seems 
godlike. See too what it has accomplished ! Stimulated by 
motive and concentrated by discipline ; it has sounded far 
into its own depths ; it has acquired dominion over the most 
terrible brute strength ; it has subdued powerful agencies of 
nature to its use ; it has wandered among eternities and con- 
versed with God. It should be remembered also that there 
is no assignable limit to its improvement. It cannot indeed 
approximate the intelligence of the Infinite of Infinities, but 
lias it not capabilities for progress through unending ages ? 

It cannot be expected that ordinary minds should reach the 
stature, in this world, of our intellectual giants. But many of 
the renowned were scarcely more than ordinary, in native 
genius. Circumstances, cultivation combined with determin- 
ation, have made just the dilferenee, in their case, between 
greatness and mediocrity. What would even the elegant 
Ptoscoe or the accomplished Addison have been without the 
influence of letters upon them ? And in families, is not the 
son who has received a liberal education and profited by it, a 



76 

nitirked man among them ? The sheaf of Joseph around 
which all the sheaves of the household stand and make obei- 
sance ? Thousands and thousands who have lived in seques- 
tered places, undistinguished and of no great use to mankind, 
might have become the benefactors of their race, if they had 
been fitted for it, by the discipline of our higher schools. 
Gray's beautiful Elegy will apply to a hundred churchyards, 
as well as to that in which it was written : 

'* Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 

Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire ; 
Hands that the rod of Empire might have swayed, ~ 
Or wak'd to ecstasy the living lyre. 

" But knoAvledge to their eyes her ample page, 
Ilich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll ; 
Chill peniu-y repressed their noble rage, 
And froze the genial current of the soul." 

It is doubtful even whether that exquisite production would 
have been composed, or its author ever been heard of, had it 
not been for the schools of Eton and Cambridge. 

I say again, it is not expected that all minds could under 
any circumstances attain to a gigantic growth. Spensers and 
Goethes would never have become such, without original in- 
spiration. The discovery of recondite physical laws is a gift 
chiefly confined to such intellects as Euclid's and Kepler's. 
In natural history, Humboldts and Agassizs are not graduated 
in every college class. But a mind of sound though moderate 
powers, can be elevated to great comprehensiveness and force, 
by proper discipline ; while the master-spirits I have just men- 
tioned could never have become master-spirits without it. 
Almost any young man who has made attainments sufficient 
to enter on the hi^i^her course of education can distiniruish 
himself in them. Study will not create mind, but resolution, 
perseverance, guided by a wise system of instruction will so 
unfold and strengthen the faculties, that it will appear in time 
as if a miracle had been wrought upon them. 

But what is that kind of discipline which will best secure 



t i 



the result in question ? A satisfuctory itnsvver may reijuire a 
little more discrimination as to the precise intellectual ends to 
be sought by study. These are not mere knowledge. To 
know a multitude of things, to have what Coleridge calls 
^' many knowledges'' — this is something different from being 
educated. You have heard of learned dunces. If one head 
could contain a whole Alexandrian library, a little spice of 
common sense would be worth more than all this learning 
without it. Knowledge is chiefly valuable as furnishing ma- 
terials for thouglit. There must be a power of reducing 
knowledge to general principles, or at least, of arranging it in 
categories. Otherwise the full-stuifed head will be hardly 
better than a great lumber garret of confused facts and no- 
tions. The mind must ''learn to learn.*' It must get a 
power of self-control, of self-stimulation, of concentration. It 
needs, in its voyages, helm and canvass and pilot and breeze. 
It must have the mastery of thought instead of being master- 
ed bv it — not driving" headlonor when excited, butsfoino^ wliith- 
ersoever the governor listeth. As all subjects have relations, 
checks and balances which should always be considered in 
making up conclusions, it must be comprehensive, capable of 
looking all round a question, foreseeing consequences and 
weighing circumstances. It should be well proportioned, not 
narrow, or one sided, titanic in some respects, lilliputian in 
others, but broad, compact, symmetrical, strong, able to dis- 
cover and appreciate all that belongs to a subject or question. 
Now for such a purpose, knowledge is chiefly important as 
connected with training. . Colleges should be intellectual 
gymnasia, rather than intellectual warehouses. 

And here I come more directly to the (piestion, what is that 
kind of discipline which best secures the proposed results ? 

As a first principle, the system of intellectual training 
should be formed by minds which are approaching the matu- 
rity of their stature, and not by those which are in the boyhood 
of their being. In other words, the course of study should be 
determined by experienced instructors and guardians of learn- 
ing, and not by mere students. The converse of this propo- 



78 

sition is an absurdity. It involves a ucrfjior nnori'^v, the sole- 
cism of agency before existence. I do not say that an elec- 
tion as to certain studies should never be allowed. Individual 
taste and preference, in some things, may be safely consulted, 
though never wholly irrespective of the wisdom of experience, 
and rarely then, in the grand staples of discipline, but chiefly 
in its lighter furnishings. Where a choice of studies is per- 
mitted, except under careful limitations, the breadth and bal- 
ance, and for the most part, the intensity of scholarship, is de- 
stroyed. A neophyte, in matters of education, might suppose 
that the mind, in order to its highest development, should fol- 
low the bent of its own tendencies. But, practically, this is 
only saying that each scholar shoijld study those branches 
which come easiest to him, which is nothing more than to say 
we should cultivate those faculties most, which need it least. 
A finished intellect can never be constructed on such princi- 
ples. It may become great in specific directions, as if the 
main growth of the body should go into one arm, or a tree 
should expend its sap on a single side-branch. But deformity 
not beauty, a monster not a man is the result. At best, un- 
der such a system, or want of system, the scholar becomes a 
self-made man, rather than the subject of a liberal education. 
I do not object to self-made men, when they are capable of 
making themselves well. I confess that some have risen to 
eminence without a Diploma, in the words of another, have 
even beat the College on some of its own fields ? I honor 
them ; they are nature's nobility. But such men have usually 
had an inborn greatness to begin wjth. They have moreover 
had the wisdom to avail themselves of some of those very 
helps by which the discipline of our schools is secured. At 
the same time, no persons more deeply feel and deplore 
the infelicity and insufficiency of their early education than 
many of these very individuals. But, whatever may be said 
of a Bowditch, a Hugh Miller, or of one, venerabile nomen, 
whom to mention is to honor — when you come to ordinary 
self-made men — I refer chiefly to those who aspire to the 
higher walks of learning, for in the common business of life, 



79 

common sense often saves them — there is usually in them some 
disproportion or unsoundness which might lead one to suppose 
that not nature but nature's journeyman had made them. A 
truly liberal education, on the contrary, produces minds of 
force and completeness. It produces, not, in the first in- 
stance, accountants, actuaries, lawyers, pharmacologists^ the- 
ologists, but men capable of becoming either or all of these, or 
of standing up in the full stature of men, without a specific 
profession. This sort of discipline is secured by studies 
judiciously selected, wisely and perseveringly taught and 
thoroughly acquired, studies not capriciously chosen by the 
student but established by the institution. 

Among these studies, the mathematics should hold a prom- 
inent place. This science is often disparaged. Dulness con- 
demns it as wanting in genius, and laziness as devoid of utili- 
ty. Some distinguished men have spoken opprobriously of it, 
as a means of intellectual improvement. Sir William Ham- 
ilton — by whatever motive he may have been actuated — has 
recently brou^rht the batterinii^ ram of his stronpr aversion to 
bear against it. In his collection of discussions, published orig- 
inally in the Edinburgh Hcview, the essay entitled '' thoughts 
on the study of mathematics as a part of a liberal education,'' 
has made, to some extent, its intended impression. The 
mathematics are just now at a discount. But whoever reads 
Sir William's article with care, will find matter in it to des- 
troy its force. Though it beats, all the way through, like a 
storm of hail against the science, as adapted to mental train- 
ing, his object is simply to lower the inordinate prominence 
given to this branch in one of the English Universities. His 
objections to it are levelled against its excess — to the compara- 
tive exclusion of other studies. They would be objections to 
excess in metaphysics or philology and have no bearing there- 
fore against our proposition. Then tlie authorities which he 
quotes are either authorities against this same excess, or they 
are such men as Buddaeus, Paschal, Burke, Warburton, who 
though great mathematicians themselves, yet found it neces- 
sary, in their support of moral and religious truth, to put down 



80 

the presumption of those mathematical sceptics who could see 
no conclusiveness in any thing but a demonstration. Then, 
again, Sir Vriiliam's argument bears chiefly against the form- 
ularian mathematics, which make but a small part of our 
training, in this science. And, finally, he admits himself what 
we chiefly insist on, viz. : that properly studied, they " may 
be beneficial in the correction of a certain vice and in the 
formation of its corresponding virtue. The vice is the habit 
of mental distraction ; the virtue the habit of continuous 
attention^ So much is conceded. But this one thing is the 
thing which above all others, the lawless, refractory intellect 
of boyhood requires. It needs the faculty which it does not 
possess by nature, of holding subjects in a strong and steady 
grasp, till, with all that belongs to them, they have been fully 
examined. This faculty, generally called attention, is of the 
first moment to us, in all our intellectual processes. Was it 
not Newton who said that if he excelled some other men, it 
\vas chiefly in the power of fixing his attention ? It is as 
certain that this power is improved by the mathematics, as 
it is that the Principia could not have been v/ritten with- 
out it. 

But besides this, the study of the mathematics promotes 
penetration. It gives the mind a piercing, protruding force, 
intensive in a forward direction. It accustoms the pupil to 
carefulness, to the habit of excluding whatever is irrelevant 
to a subject, to accuracy and compactness in his reasonings, 
and the seeking of clear and irrefutable conclusions. And if 
some great metaphysicians have spoken disparagingly of the 
science, it is at least true that many of the greatest metaphy- 
sicians, for example, Descartes, Malebranche, Leibnitz, and 
Bacon, have reached their eminence in philosophy, only after 
first becoming great mathematicians. Thus far I have spoken 
of the mathematics as an intellectual discipline, only in the 
early stages of its study. But that limitation in the number 
of faculties benefitted, of which Mr. Hamilton complains, has 
no relevancy as an objection in the case of advanced scholars. 
God created the universe on geometrical principles. His in- 



81 

finite thoughts are written in lines and angles and spheres all 
over his material works. His great ideas are embodied in cre- 
ated objects. He invites us to read those thoughts, compre- 
hend those embodiments and study the laws of infinities. 
When the scholar has reached these higher regions of attain- 
ment, which he may do before leaving college, and has come 
to perceive the relations of his propositions to the physical 
sciences, co be able to discover and elucidate the intellectual 
truths which underlie his theorems, he begins to exercise the 
highest forms of logic in his reasonings, and to realize in his 
emotional nature, the rewards of previous study over formulas 
and elementary principles. The mathematics have come to 
have a meaning, and an object. After long and wearisome 
toil up the hill, the lower mountain summits have been reach- 
ed, and new and highly excited prospects have been opened. 
He has emerged into a world of poetry, and hears the music 
of the spheres chiming around him. 

On the whole, I must apply to the question of the impor- 
tance of this study, the line which Mr. Hamilton has taken as 
the motto of his able discussions, " Truth like a torch, the 
more 'tis shook, it shines." 

I shall speak with more brevity of classical studies, in a sys- 
tem of intellectual training, not because I esteem them less, 
but because they happen now to be in the ascendant. We 
need them as a counterbalance to the mathematics. The ten- 
dency to formularian Cambridge should be ameliorated by 
classical Oxford. The study of language disciplines the judg- 
ment, teaches analysis, comparison, selection. The study of 
the Greek and Latin classics opens golden treasures of litera- 
ture. It spreads before the scholar, the best models of taste. 
It corrects the tendency to fustian and rodomontade, in com- 
position. It cultivates sobriety, pertinence, precision and 
condensation of speech. It inspires one with charming senti- 
ments, and kindles a controlled but fervid eloquence. It gives 
great command of words. It fills the mind with interesting 
allusions, ennobles the imagination, and ministers in many 

ways to the art of persuasion. Then, classical reminiscences. 

6 



82 

become a source of happiness, through one's whole life. I 
look back to those rich old masters as to gardens of spices, 
and when I turn aside to walk among their shades, my mind 
is invigorated and my spirits are refreshed. 

The Greek language, though brought to perfection more 
than two thousand years ago, is probably the best instrument 
of thought ever possessed by man. The Greeks were a won- 
derful people. They seem to have been raised up as the rep- 
resentatives of the beautiful, and to be the world's instructors 
in art and letters, for all ages. Their language is the em- 
bodiment of aesthetics. Rich in combinations, copious, artist- 
ic, euphonic ; of singular transparency, flexibility — wonder- 
ful for chastity of ornament and symmetry, the very parthe- 
non in words, it is equally adapted to the sublime strophes of 
those " proud and high-crested bards" Pindar and Simonides, 
and to the simple narratives of Herodotus and the author of 
the Cyropaedia. 

If the Latin is in some respects less perfect, it is still a 
wonderful tongue. Inferior in originality and pliabiUty to the 
Greek, it has more rotundity, more stateliness, and perhaps a 
more labored syntactical structure, besides the advantage of 
being one of the great foundation elements of the English lan- 
guage, and several of the continental tongues, and a key to 
some of the most valuable modern treatises that exist. 

In a course of liberal study, we want, also, the leading phi- 
losophies. The intellect should acquire acumen, and the 
power of holding many associated relations in the mind, at the 
same time, by the habit of considering metaphysical subtleties 
and distinctions, and should learn the art of binding together 
premise and conclusion by the iron links of logic. Ethical 
studies should receive attention that the principles of morality 
may be understood, the moral instincts developed, and sound 
moral judgments be rendered. The observing faculties should 
be improved, and in natural history, chemistry, mineralogy, — 
and most of all, geology, the science of reading the history of 
creation, which God has written in the foundations of the 
earth, the mind should learn to seek out and comprehend the 



83 

mysteries of chaos and something of the force which educed 
beauty from confusion. Theology, too, natural and revealed, 
has wonderful power in securing mental development. The 
fine arts are adapted to impart a correct taste and a certain 
nobleness to the soul. Some knowledge of the great modern 
languages and literatures of Europe open inexhaustable stores 
of thoughts and modes of expression among which a person 
may acquire intellectual wealth without limit, in after life. 
Nor should the art of speaking and writing be neglected. Ex- 
pression, indeed, is an every day affair ; but with the scholar 
it is the one Power by which he achieves his victories over 
minds, and by which he is expected to benefit the world. 

Some time may be devoted to general reading. But he 
who thinks light literature a tolerable substitute for hard study, 
deceives himself. He cannot attain by it a power of clear, 
consecutive thinking and reasoning, and will find himself dis- 
tanced in the race of life by the plodding student at whom he 
sneers. Superficiality will be the characteristics of his learn- 
ing. If he becomes able to throw off, occasionally, the scin- 
tillations of genius, he will never be qualified for solid inves- 
tigations. He may be a brilliant boy, but he will not be a 
powerful man. 

As collateral aids to a college course, well regulated litera- 
ry societies stand high in my estimation. Genius is stimula- 
ted by them, knowledge put to use as in real life, and in the 
wrestling match of debate, the intellectual muscles arc 
strengthened and made flexible. In this respect, Amherst 
College seems to me well appointed. It was my fortune to be 
present some weeks ago, when the Athenian and Alexandrian 
orators contended so eloquently before the freshmen in be- 
half of their respective associations. 

Multa viri nequicquam inter se vulucni jactaut ; 
Multa cavo lateri ingemiuaiit ; et pectore vastos 
Dant sonitus : erratque aurcs et tempora circum 
Crcbra manus ; duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. 

The scene was imposing ; and, withal, so student-like that :t 



84 

• made the old College blood of 1827, tingle in my veins. Let 
these young, twin giants wrestle till the utmost force of each 
is developed. Let the blue badges and the white, fight on, 
till both sides are covered with the glory of their achievments, 
and while decency rules and fair play is the watchword, 

Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 

On the moral and social part of education, I shall restrict 
oiyself, for your patience's sake, to narrower limits. Man is 
created with a sense of duty. Or if not so created, as soon 
as there is opportunity for awakening his moral faculties, he 

^ begins to feel obligation. This feeling is a necessity of his 
being. It distinguishes him, even more than intellect, from 
the brutes. There is in them apparently some faint shadow- 
iogs of the understanding. So we speak of the cunning fox 
and the half-reasoning elephant. Linnaeus, if I remember 
correctly, thought he discovered in certain birds the faculty 
of abstraction, and our own Audubon has furnished materials 

' for a similar conclusion. But whatever might be said of a 
possible embryonic intellect in the beaver or the bee, no nat- 
uralist has ever detected, in the inferior orders, indications of 
conscience. We govern the brute world by fear, but never 

\ by moral considerations. Man's characteristic distinction from 
it, is the existence of an august moral judge in the supreme 
court of his nature. 

As mind is better than matter, so conscience is superior to 

; both. With an ordinary intellect, high moral qualities always 
ensure an elevated character, but no measure of the former 
can impart true nobility to a person, without the latter. Have 
we not Robespierres and Machiavellis, Catilines and Caesar 
Borgias, Rousseaus and Byrons enough to illustrate this fact r 
The most you could say of a person possessed of great intel- 
lect, in connection with moral depravity, would be that like 
Henry St. John Bolingbroke he is " a splendid sinner," or 
like Milton's Satan, " httle less than archangel ruined." The 
truth is, a learned sinner is a monster, and a highly cultivated 



85 

intellect, without a controlling conscience, is a curse. It is a' 
curse to itself and to society — to society as it makes dema- 
gogues and traitors, to itself as the more abundant tiie fuel, 
the more terrible the fire. Compared with such characters, 
the Shepherd of Salisbury Plains and the Dairyman's Daugh- 
ter were angels. 

Intellectual culture without moral elevation has been tested 
in communities. We have admired the lettered elegance of 
Greece. But with all her beauty there was consumption in 
her breast. '•' The Athenians," says Mr. Legare, '' were a 
people steeped in profligacy to the very lips, and wholly with- 
out shame or sensibility on subjects of honor." If the remark 
is too sweeping, it has too much truth. You know the con- 
sequences. They became incapable of retaining their free- 
dom, because they had first made themselves unworthy of it. 
Vice is the bane of every people among whom it exists. Ed- 
ucated vice is more to be feared than ignorance. A community 
of ignorant wretches might be controlled by force, but a com- 
munity of intelligent rascals is hardly better than a community 
of fiends. 

The Commonwealth understood this when it enacted that 
** it should be the duty of all instructors of youth, to exert 
their best endeavors to impress on the minds of children and = 
youth, committed to their care and instruction, the principles 
of piety, justice and a regard to truth, love to their country, 
humanity and universal benevolence, sobriety, industry and 
frugality, chastity, moderation and temperance, and those oth- 
er virtues which are the ornaments of human society and the 
basis upon which a republican constitution is founded." 

When the highest style of manhood is sought, in a system 
of education, the virtues must be inculcated. There must be 
on the part of the pupils, a never ceasing inspiration of hon- 
orable sentiments. Reverence for the aged, veneration for 
parents, for sacred institutions, for wisdom and goodness in 
character, a regard for every thing ennobling, and an abhor- 
rence of mean actions should be sedulously taught. Gen- 
erosity towards competitors, a chivalrous sense of honor, though 



86 

without its discounts, and an almost proud sincerity and open 
ness of utterance, though chastened by kindness and discre- 
tion, must be held forth to admiration. We should seek to 
realize the morally sublime, in character ; moral courage, mor- 
al strength, especially the union of powerful emotion with firm 
self-control — as when Priam on his knees begged of Achilles 
the corpse of his murdered son, 

One universal solemn shower began, 
They bore as heroes, but they felt as men. 

The scholar must be habituated to right thinking and right 
acting — the ro y-aioy and the to -r()f.Tor must be kept constantly 
before his imagination. 

Moral education is to be secured among students, partly by 
instruction in the text books of moral science, partly by living 
examples in the character of their intellectual guides, some- 
what by general exhortations, and exhibitions of moral truth, 
and most of all by a wise, firm discipline, always just, always 
paternal, but always immovable, when right. Morality must 
be learned as we learn Algebra by working out its problems. 
Its subjects must be moulded as pottery, trained as vines, gen- 
tly broken in to the work of life as young coursers unaccus- 
tomed to the way. Or to take higher views, they must be 
taught 5eZ/'-government that they may emerge from subjection 
by looking in to the perfect law of liberty which consists in 
bringing the will into perfect concordance with the moral 
sentiments. In doing this, however, it may be well to keep 
in mind a saying of Dr. Arnold, that " the state of boyhood is 
a state of imperfection :" — nor is it safe to presume that the 
state of young manhood is always much better. 

To the moral belongs the social, and to the social the civil 
relations. I have not time to dwell upon them. But man 
was not born for isolation. While he is an individual, he is 
also a humanity. As thousands of waves swell and heave in 
the sea, but are all bound together in the unity of a single 
ocean, as tens of thousands of dew-drops gem the grass, but 
we admire their brilliance chiefly as they sparkle in associa- 



87 

ted beauty, as the stars have each an individual splendor, but 
their highest glory is only seen when gazed upon as one vast, 
concordant, glittering firmament, so man consists of myriads 
in unity — God the centre, and we all bound inseparably to 
Him and to each other. We cannot attain the proper stature 
of our being as solitary existences. We have a mission to 
mankind. Our right state is love, and our true relation, a 
relation of beneficence. Colleges then should not be monas- 
teries but societies. The social nature should be cultivated. 
In the commonwealth of letters, as in the great world, for 
which we are here preparing, no one, whether instructor or 
scholar, should live to himself, but each to each, and all to all. 

I have left myself but little time to speak of a subject which 
infinitely transcends all others. I refer to religious education. 
The highest style of man cannot be produced without relig- 
ion. In unrenewed minds, there is a total deficiency of that 
element which constitutes the crowning glory of man, his in- 
ward, spiritual life. It is the result of a spiritual birth, 
and its consequence is a new spiritual existence. It is as 
much superior to mere reason as reason is to mere animal 
life. It is supernatural and makes the subjects of it sons of 
God. It was lost by the apostasy and can be restored only 
through Christ. Let it first be secured in him, and then devel- 
oped into all the beautiful proportions of his fulness. Without 
it the scriptures speak truly of man when they say he is dead. 
The highest attribute of humanity, that which links him to the 
divine, is extinct within him. 

Nor with this negation in his nature, can he rise to the 
highest order of greatness. No Atheist can be a great man. 
He rejects the greatest and most stimulating idea in the uni- 
verse, the idea of God. His thoughts are narrow, every thing 
is limited, the world is a monstrous insignificance — even dur- 
ation and space, if they still exist in his mind as infinities, 
exist without a meaning. What is philosophy without God, 
but a wretched jumble of dogmas and speculations without a 
centralizing idea ? What is history, but a mass of cruelties 
and absurdities — a muddy current which began from no foun- 



88 

tain and flows to no sea ? And poetry ? I say nothing of 
Isaiah and David. The old Homeric majesty could never 
have been reached without the supernatural. 

But we need the christian religion for the best growth of 
the intellectual powers. We need the stirring, expanding 
influences of its great thoughts. Take away the grandeur it 
imparts to Milton and Dante and Klopstock — take av/ay the 
sublimity it gives to the creations of Angelo and Allston, and 
the productions of these masters become insignificant. Nor 
could the statesmanship of Washington have been reached 
without it. 

And here let it not be thought that a bare admission of re- 
ligious facts is sufficient to the highest education. There 
must be an intense realization of them. The human mind 
must come into connection with the divine — the finite must 
feel the stimulus of the infinite upon it. It must grow in har- 
mony with the unchangeable laws of God. If they are against 
it, they will dwarf it. Even morally, the attainments will be 
of a low order. The virtues which actually exist, all springing 
from, and abiding in, nature, instead of being rooted in the 
divine, must be of an inferior character and of uncertain con- 
tinuance. Even the physical powers will suff'er without reli- 
gion. They need it for energizing and harmonizing them, and 
for maintaining the self-vleriial essential to their full develop- 
ment. 

This branch of our subject has much to do with education 
in a christian College. We are to aim at producing the highest 
possible order of men. They must, therefore, be men mighty 
in God, actuated by the purest religious motives, laboriously 
beneficent men, self-denying men, having something of that 
grandeur of spirit which was so overpowering in the old proph- 
ets, united with that irresistible might of lowliness which shone 
in the apostle John. It is to be our aim, that they should go 
forth annointed with the Holy Ghost, as it were, under a 
new dispensation of devotedness to Christ, that by them his 
universal reign may be hastened on. 

I cannot be mistaken when I assert that this College was 



89 

founded primarily for Christ. While it undertakes to furnish 
the highest culture for all who resort to it, irrespective of de- 
nominations and beliefs, its main object was to assist in train- 
ing up a learned and pious ministry. I have the best author- 
ity for saying that had it not been for this object, Amherst 
College never would have existed. It is in perfect accord- 
ance with the designs of its founders, that so large a number 
of young men, now doing a great work in the world, first 
realized here those experiences, through which we come to 
the consciousness of a new spiritual life. It was, and should 
be, a school of Christ. How constantly then should its pat- 
rons and guardians, its entire corps of teachers, its large and 
constantly increasing band of Alumni and christian students, 
bear it on their hearts before God, in perpetual prayer — and 
how earnestly should all the churches of the Redeemer 
plead for the abiding and powerfully saving presence of the 
Holy Spirit, in this school of the prophets. Let there be pray-» 
er, importunate, intense, believing, never-ceasing, prevailing. 
Prayer, prayer is the very seed-corn of our enterprise. 

Is there not a tendency, in great literary institutions, to re* 
ligious degeneracy ? Where vulgar infidelity is abhorred, 
does not a subtile scepticism often creep in ? Is not this evil, 
unless guarded against, almost unavoidable ? The cultivation 
of literature and science is the daily employment. Intellect- 
ual life is stimulated to the highest degree. Principles are 
questioned ; reasoning takes the place of faith. Competitions, 
youthful passions, the occupation of the thoughts on ques- 
tions purely scientific, the mind constantly steeped in the ele* 
gant idolatries of classic heathenism, which, though elegant 
and classic, are idolatrous and heathenish after all, — how nat- 
urally do these things alienate the heart from God. It is a ques- 
tion which has often inspired me with anxious thought, whether 
our great schools of christian learning were not gradually 
losing their spiritual tone ? I have even asked myself, wheth- 
er in the youngest as well as in the oldest college of the state, 
the intellectual was not overgrowing and overlaying the reli- 
gious ? whether there were not tendencies even here to that 






dead sea of naturalism which has wrought out such fatal re- 
sults in many of the universities of the old world ? Should 
this prove true and deterioration continue, you will have a 
nursery of pantheism among you instead of sanctified schol- 
arship, and '' the children of Zion will faint for hunger in the 
top of every street." 

I know how deeply my predecessors have felt on this sub- 
ject, and how earnestly they have labored to make this insti- 
tution, founded in faith, a blessing to the churches. I sym- 
pathize with them to the bottom of my heart. I never would 
have broken in on those sacred friendships which I had form- 
ed around the altars of God, and which had been strength- 
ening for almost a quarter of a century, merely to promote 
the intellectual growth of any school in the world. I love 
the classics. The measures of the Mantuan poet are often 
chiming in my heart, and the lyre of Scio's blind old bard 
stirs me like a trumpet, but there is something to be thought 
of as much higher than Grecian and Roman learning or mere 
science, as the stars are above their reflected images in the 
deep. Cicero and Demosthenes demand my admiration. 
But there is one whose shoes latchet Demosthenes and Cicero 
are unworthy to stoop down and unloose. The eloquence of 
the Bema and the rostrum are to me as Alpine snows compar- 
ed with the words of Him who spake as never man spake. I 
would not, indeed, cultivate human learning less but divine 
wisdom more. " For this is life eternal that they may know 
thee the only true God and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent." 

The future religious condition of this College is a subject 
on which I am burdened with a sense of responsibility. As a 
christian parent would esteem it the last of misfortunes to be 
the occasion of giving existence to a person who should devote 
himself to a life of hostility to Christ, however elegant and 
classical and hidden the form of hostility might be, so if I 
were to aid, however unintentionally, in forming of the sons 
of Amherst, in my day or in any coming generation, an en- 
ginery against the church, I should not only consider my life 
here a failure, but would curse the day of my inauguration to 



91 

the end of time. Yes ! verily, I should esteem it a calamity 
more dreadful than death, if through any fault of mine this 
College should receive a poise, even to the breadth of a hair, 
towards the transcendental atheism of the age. I would not 
be the means of assisting to qualify minds, by high courses of 
learning, to exercise a more efficient, though perhaps more 
covert agency, in undermining the faith of the community, no, 
not for all the honors man ever heaped on a mortal. Pardon 
me then if I say earnestly to the alumni and all the friends of 
the College, Brethren pray for us. 

The patrons and friends of the College will perceive that 
the great idea which I have of education, and which I have 
urged in this address, is the formation of me?j, men capable 
of high scholarship, of professional eminence, and honorable 
achievement, but first of all, men. It is to be hoped, indeed, 
that your triennial will be thickly strown with names of solid 
and of brilliant scholarship, in science, in letters, in theology, 
in statesmanship, in arts, but would to God that from the top 
to the bottom of its ever-lengthening columns, no name might 
ever be found but the name of a completed man. 

This idea of education presents it as a matter of universal 
interest, and justifies an appeal for the public patronage. I 
speak here both as a patriot and a christian. As one who 
loves the old puritan commonwealth of my nativity and thinks 
its relative position among the States of no small consequence 
to the country, I plead for those institutions whose object is 
to bring upon the theatre of action the largest possible num- 
ber of wise and good and great men. I say to our merchants. 
I say to the politicians, I say to the mechanics and farmers, if 
you would hold your birthright in the fraternity of stars and 
stripes, you must produce men. You have no boundless 
prairies, nor mammoth rivers, nor great staples of trade. You 
make but a sorry figure on the physical map of your country. 
And yet you have, or have had weight, and you have had 
weight because you have had men, and you have had men 
because of vour colleores and schools and cimrches. Your 



92 

men, not your miles, have made you great. Before the revo- 
lution your men w^ere the large and tall trees of the land. In 
and since the revolution, you have always had distinguished 
men in the high places of influence, — and all this while, at 
the seat of government and throughout the nation, they have 
kept your star equal in brilliance to the largest of the thirty, 
and a single name has sometimes been thought glory enough 
for a continent. You will need men not only to guide the 
politics of the country, but for your pulpits and professional 
chairs and great sources of religious influence — men w^ho will 
make themselves respected, and have the power as well as 
the disposition to lift up the community around them. We 
want men, educated men, completed men, at the head of our 
mechanical and agricultural interests and at the resorts of 
commercial exchange. The welfare of this age and of gener- 
ations yet unborn, depend on your having them. It is the 
proper mission of Massachusetts and of New England to be 
the great man-growing section of the country. 

Young gentlemen, the undergraduates of Amherst College, 
I have been allured to these your Academic shades in the 
hope of bestowing some benefit on mankind by aiding you, 
through a course of education, in becoming men. I would 
assist to make you rich in resources of happiness, useful to 
your generation, and possessors of the highest order of man- 
hood and influence. In my relations towards you, austerity 
and rigor will have no lodgment among the dispositions of my 
heart. I shall wish to annoy you as little as possible by the 
restrictions of government. But the regulation of the aftairs 
of our society, by a firm execution of its laws, and at what- 
ever hazard, is of as much importance to your happiness and 
progress as to the order and reputation of the College. I am 
aware that the life of an undergraduate is not a life of the 
largest liberty. But we have a right to expect that you will 
consider what is due to the proprieties of the place, what is 
becoming in young men who respect themselves, and how 
deeply the hopes and affections of others are involved in your 



93 

success. Be assured for your encouragement, that whatever 
a scholar really determines to do, he will generally find him- 
self able to accomplish. Genius without effort never yet 
secured greatness, but enthusiasm in your studies will make 
them pleasant, and you strong and brilliant in them. Your 
course here, if properly regarded, will not only fit you for pro- 
fessional usefulness, but bring you into that fellowship of let- 
ters which every truly educated man delights in. 

Think it no want of confidence in you, when I say that you 
will need to be on your guard. Young men have generally 
much of nature's nobility in them. Their aspirations are 
high, and honorable conduct has charms for them. But they 
are proverbially impulsive and often too inconsiderate of con- 
sequences. Pardon me for reminding you, then, that you can 
accomplish but little any where, but especially in this country, 
without character. But character, though achieved with diffi- 
culty, is often lost without effort. Character in a young man, 
is a fortune to him. But like a lighted lamp of richly-wrought 
pottery, though so brilliant and so useful, how easily broken ; 
and when broken how difficult to repair — 

Facilis descensus Averni, sed revocarc gradum, hoc opus, hie labor est. 

Most of you aim to be useful in the world, chiefly by ex- 
pression. But remember, young gentlemen, that expression 
is not confined to words. The man himself is an expression. 
The face, the flashing eye, attitudes, motions are expressions. 
Manners are expressions. Actions are expressions. Presence 
is an expression. The greatness and excellence you attribute 
to a person and suppose him to possess, act as expressions. 
The spirit of God glowing within him is a powerful expression. 
His whole frame and being are an embodiment and manifest- 
ation of ideas. He, then, who would be great in expression 
must first be great in himself. 

Young Gentlemen, your highest attainment is the attainment 
of right relations towards God, and a concordance with the 
other harmonies of the universe. There is one great Central 
Life whose pulsations are beating through all created worlds. 



94 

When in addition to a profound and brilliant scholarship, at- 
tended with high moral and social excellence, and wise phys- 
ical self-control, you come into sympathy with this great Life^ 
so that your spirit answers to that spirit, as the pulsations of 
the wrist keep time with those that are throbbing in your 
heart, then will foxn be truly educated, then will you have 
reached the highest order of man. 



c 


1 #**!.. 




<: 
c 
c 

C 


re -c: ' 




<: 


<" 




< 






^ 

^^' 




C 

€ 

^ 


^ 




^ 


5c 


*^ < ^ ^' 


<: 


^ 

d 




tf 


^ 







^. <. c 


• -'^2^ 




«: 


dd Ci *^ 


<c: 


'^S C.-C 


J^ 


<g[T'~<_.C 


4c: 


c^gj^C -C 


<:'■ 


«H[T <. C 


<:: 


' ^C^ t c 


d. 


^cr <^ *^ 


j^ 


^g^(i< 


<: 


^BZ 't *- 


^' 


mCM 


c 


^ J ' 


c; 




c: 


■^^Cl_c.' '. 


c: 


■^d~c c 


«c 


*5^L C' 


c 


■or_ 


'^'■' 




:.^ 


<ie 


c 


<!-.-. 


a 






<7 *'*cv^- C- ^ 









^■\' < 

C.'- c 
CV .1 

ccc 

Ccc 
cc c 

cc c 
C^C 

<:.< c 

C' ■', 

<r 

•. C'. ■ 

,C< t 

- c 

- ■ kC ■• 

. tc c 

■Ct. <• 

c 



C, C^ 






C t c 



c « 



ICC 

c c 

_ c c 

<^cc 



<1 v 






r .«ic: 



CL <1 



c c 



c c 

C <L 

c c 

c C 

c c 

c c 

c c 

c <: ^ 

c c 4 
cc < 
cc 

c. c <. 

cV <: 
cc <: 

' < <: 

( ( 
c e 
c r . 



.<! 


«L • " 


c 


c c 
c <: 






<i 


c c 


c: 


c c^ 


^ 


c c 


<i". 


c c 


«:_ 


<: < 




c ( 


^j^ 


< c 


.^^" 


c C 


^^°"' 


c c 


^^' 


C C 


<!'■ 


<' c 


«r 


( c 


<^ 


' c 


d 


' c < 


<: 


c c 


-«c 


C ( 


<: 


i ( 4 


«r 


<- C ^ 


<:. 


(. c. • < 


<Cu 


c <■' 


«c 


( <. 


^ 


C C 4 
c c « 



CTcc <1 
«C cc C 

CTcc C 

dec <: 

dcr C 

c:c '. c. 

dec c 
C cC 
<r < c 
CL C 

C> <- c 



C f c 

c: < c 

<r c 

c c 

c c 

<^ c 



II 






•c« c 

Cc C 






«s ^ 



"C 






aC 


<■. '- 


C C 

O' c 
c_ c 

C' c 

f 


^iC 






«r 


'C ' 


' 


i^ 


C^ 


c < 


«r 


c*^ 


c ' <: 


«r: 


t c 


C ( 


«: 


C ' 


( ■ < 


<sc. 


< ■ 


c ' 


^r 


c 


< 






cc c 
<<: < 

re (^ 



^ < 



<r ct d 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS % 



020 773 465 2 



I 



